Russian gold cigarette case with agate and aquamarine clasp
An antique Russian yellow gold and Siberian agate cigarette case with cabochon aquamarine clasp, 19th/20th century, stamped "18, Pgb, 375" with assay mark looking right, 9.3 cm wide
Russian Enamel and Diamond Cigarette Case by Egor Cheryatov
Russian, a gold, enamel and diamond-set cigarette case Lorie, Workmaster Egor Cheryatov Moscow circa 1900. Shaped rectangular with rounded corners, the lid chased and repoussse with trailing foliage, depicting a scene of St George slaying the dragon,…
Russian 84 Silver Cigar Case with Horse and Troika Design
Early 20th century Russian 84 silver cigar case, stamped 84 to interior, of rounded rectangular form with cabochon gem push button clasp, engraved to the cover with two horses below a troika, with monogram below, opening to a gilt wash interior, total…
Russian Niello Cigarette Case, St Petersburg, 19th Century Silver
A Russian silver and niello cigarette case, .875 silver (84 zol.), St Petersburg, with combined city and standard mark (1882-1899) rectangular with rounded corners and gilt interior, with a troika scene to, the hinged cover surrounded by foliate…
Silver and enamel cigarette case and kovsh, late 19th century
Silver and enamel cigarette case and kovsh, possibly Mikhail Sokolov, Russia, late 19th-early 20th century, the rectangular cigarette case with rounded corners decorated with variously coloured foliate scrolls and stylised floral motifs, a blue beaded…
Russian Rose Gold Cigarette Case with Sapphire Cabochon Clasp
A Russian gold cigarette case, rectangular form, with engraved geometric decoration and sapphire cabochon push clasp, 14ct rose gold, hallmarked, total weight 154.65gms.
Russian Sterling Silver Cigarette Case with Tourmaline Cabochon Inset
A Russian sterling silver cigarette case, apparently unmarked, early 20th century, rectangular with rounded edges and a textured samorodok surface, the hinged lid inset with a tourmaline cabochon, opening to a gilt wash interior. Inscribed to the interior…
Russian Silver Cigarette Box with Engraved Armorial Design
Russian silver cigarette box and cover, marked 84, Xeheba (in Cyrillic), of curved rectangular form, beautifully engraved with gilt and niello displaying a central armorial flanked by smaller armorials, with crowned double headed eagle verso, above ribbon…
1873 Russian Silver Niello Cigarette Case with Kremlin Engraving
19th century Russian silver and niello cigarette case, marked, Moscow, 1873, assay B.C, maker I.F (Ivan Futikin), of rectangular pillow form, beautifully engraved with an image of the Kremlin, with ground of acanthus scroll verso, total weight 134gm, 11…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case and Vesta with Monogram Coronet
Heavy Russian silver combines cigarette case and vesta, of deep rectangular form, set with coronet and S.R monogram, opening to compartment for cigarettes, with match compartment to top, total weight 225gm, 10 cm x 6.5 cm
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Warrior and Peacock Design
Russian silver cigarette case, of rectangular form, painted with a central scene of warrior on horseback, within a repousse border of peacocks and grape vines, total weight 199gm, 11.5 cm x 8.5 cm purchased: Sotheby's London, 26th June 1972, lot 185
Russian Silver Cigar Case with Gold Wash Interior, 20th Century
An early 20th century Russian silver cigar case with gold wash interior, length 13.5 cm Wt 141g
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Lady and Industry Repousse
A Russian silver cigarette case, repousse detail of a lady & Industry, garnet gemstone clasp, marked for Moscow, 1908-1926, Wt 155 grams
Russian Gold Cigarette Case with Sapphire Clasp, Hallmarked, 154.65g
A Russian gold cigarette case, Rectangular form, with engraved geometric decoration and sapphire cabochon push clasp, hallmarked, total weight 154.65gms.
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Dragon Scene and Morganite
Russian silver cigarette case, marked, Moscow, 875, Kokoshnik head, A.C, embossed with a scene of a man fighting a dragon with a club, set with morganite thumb piece, total weight 148gm, 11 cm x 8.5 cm. Provenance: collection of the late Fredric Sinfield,…
Russian Silver and Gold Cigarette Case with Engravings and Monograms
Russian silver and gold cigarette case, marked Moscow, Kokshnik head, 84, N.A (in Cyrillic) but from the period of 1908-1917, of rectangular form, engraved with geometric and floral motifs to corner, and with applied gold script 'Zelma,' monogram 'Tp,' a…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Geometric Pattern and Monogram
Late 19th century Russian silver cigarette case, marked 84, Moscow, of pillow form, decorated with geometric pattern with central monogram, total weight 85gm, 9 cm x 5.5 cm. Provenance: collection of the late Fredric Sinfield, Sydney NSW, 1938 - 2008
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Bears and Cubs Scene
Russian silver cigarette case, marked, Moscow, 1908-1917, 84, A.C, of rectangular form, embossed with a scene of bears and cubs in forest, set with onyx thumb piece, total weight 143gm, 11.5 cm x 8.5 cm. Provenance: collection of the late Fredric Sinfield…
Faberge Silver & Enamel Cigarette Case by Feodor Ruckert
Rare & superb Faberge silver & enamel cigarette case by Feodor Ruckert (1840-1917), multi coloured stylised enamel decorations, the lid with a vignette depicting a harbour scene with sailing ships and three figures, including one pushing a wheelbarrow,…
Art Deco Russian Silver Cigarette Case, 1926
Russian silver Art Deco cigarette case, silver with gold inlaid initials with engraved decoration inscribed 1926
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Equestrian Figure Decoration
Early 20th century Russian silver cigarette case, marked, Moscow, 1908-26, Mf(in Cyrillic), of rectangular form, the cover decorated with a figure on horseback holding a bird in his hand, with blue iolite thumb piece, total weight 186gm, 11.4 cm x 7 cm
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Monogram and Coronet
19th century Russian silver cigarette case, marked, St. Petersburg, 1882-99, maker rubbed possibly Mh, of rectangular form with diagonal gadrooned body, set with coronet above a monogram, opening to gilt interior, total weight 165gm, 9 cm x 72 cm
Russian Niello Cigarette Case with Architectural Scene
Russian silver and niello cigarette case, marked 84 kokoshnik (1896-1908), Moscow, maker 'Ch' (possibly Sergei Ivanovich Nazarov), of rounded rectangular form with spring push button clasp, the cover decorated with architectural scene within a stylised…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Warrior and Monograms
Russian silver cigarette case, early 20th century decorated with warrior on a horseback to front and gold monograms and names to reverse. Gilded interior and precious stone clasp 875 mark and chyrilic initials Lr
Russian Enamel Cigarette Case with Floral Designs
Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, of slender rectangular/square form, with diagonal band of acanthus separating two raised floral designs, in rich tones of blue, white, red and green, with cabochon thumb piece, impressed marks to lip, total weight…
Russian Silver and Enamel Cigarette Case, 1909
Good Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, of slender rectangular form, raised with scrolling flowers and foliage, in tones of blue, red, pink, green and white, inscribed 'Mrs Prosorff//November 1909,' to interior, impressed marks, total weight 170gm,…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Lady Decor, 1908-1917
A Russian silver cigarette case, with zolotniki 84 and maker's mark for Egor Samochin, Moscow, 1908-1917, the rectangular cushion form case decorated with the image of a standing lady draped in long robes, the hinged top with cabochon release enclosing…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Gilt Monogram, Moscow 84
Russian silver cigarette case, marked 84, Moscow, of rectangular form, with applied gilt monogram, total weight 149gm, 11 cm x 8 cm
Russian Enamel Cigarette Case with Gold Souvenir Plaques
Fine early 20th century Russian cigarette case, of rectangular form with rounded corners, in gun metal, decorated front and back with gold and enamel script work and souvenir plaques, the case opening via a pink cabochon push piece, total weight 98gm, 9…
Faberge Silver Cigarette Case with Sapphire Thumb Piece
Russian Faberge silver cigarette case, stamped each side K.Faberge in Cyrillic, Moscow, 84 zolotnik, 1896-1908, of rounded rectangular form with linear reed design, with gold mounted thumb piece set with cabochon cut sapphire, total weight 162gm, 9.5 cm x…
Repose and Cloisonne Enamel Russian Cigarette Case
Wonderfully crafted Russian cigarette case this exceptional case has fine repose and cloisonne enamel work with a gilt interior and bearing 84 mark, attributed to Nevalaine Anders 1858 -1933 Finnish- Swedish work master. Assay master: Ivan Sergeyevich…
Faberge Silver Cigarette Case with St. Paul's Engraving
Russian silver cigarette case having engraved front depicting St Pauls London and engraved monogramed back. With Russian 84 mark. Moscow assay mark 1887. Work master's mark unidentifiable, bearing marks for the Faberge Company. Faberge did have a retail…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Ruby Clasp
An antique Russian silver cigarette case with ruby clasp, stamped '875 A.O.', 11 cm x 9 cm, 180 grams
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Neillo Engraving
A Russian silver cigarette case with Neillo engraving (8 cm x 10 cm
1878 Russian Silver Gilt Cigar Box by Aleksandr Fuld
A Russian silver gilt cigar box, Moscow 1878, with maker's mark for Aleksandr Fuld, the solid gauge rectangular pebble shaped hinged cigar box with soft round edges, plain and elegant design with a secure clasp & Hallmarks to lid and bottom. Weight 147g,…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Gold Monogram and Engraving
A Russian 84 silver cigar or cigarette case, Moscow, 1858, the small wallet with moving key, the hinged covers with chased decoration and applied with a 14 carat gold monogram, enclosing a gilt interior, and featuring a scene of St Petersburg finely…
Russian Silver Enamelled Cigarette Case with Birds and Butterflies
Russian 88 silver enamelled cigarette case, heavily enamelled and gilt silver cigarette case, decorated with birds and butterflies amongst flowers and foliage, brightly gilt interior and marked 88 to rim
Russian Silver Napoleon Cigarette Case Lid
Good Russian silver 'Napoleon' cigarette case lid with embossed decoration of Napoleon overlooking a Ruined City, hallmarked to interior, height 11 cm; weight 180grams.
Russian Silver and Enamel Cigarette Case, 1896-1908
Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, mark in Cyrillic 'MC', possibly Mikhail Fyodorovich Sokolov, 1896-1908, of rectangular shape with rounded corners, enriched with foliate scrolls and varicolour shaded floral motifs, with beaded border and gilded…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Winter Scene Embossing
Russian silver cigarette case with an embossed front depicting a winter scene and undecorated back and having a cobalt blue coloured glass push button clip. Showing 84 and Moscow silver marks, circa early 1900s. Makers mark Unidentifiable. Weight 186.8…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Enamel Clover Decoration
Good Russian silver cigarette case hallmarked and marked '84,' applied yellow gold shield, and monogrammed escutcheon, decorated with applied enamel four leaf clover, gilt washed interior, length 8.5 cm, weight 70grams.
Russian Silver Niello Cigar Case by August Holmstrom, 1896
Fine 19th century Russian silver & niello cigar case, marked 84, Cyrillic//1896, Ah (August Holmstrom, senior member of Faberge workshop) of slender rectangular form, the hinged cover decorated with central oval medallion depicting figures in a cart being…
Russian Silver Niello Cigar Case, Moscow 1864
A Russian silver and niello cigar case with gilt wash interior, Moscow, circa 1864, maker's marks (illegible), 12.5 cm wide, 145 grams
Russian Silver Niello Cigarette Case with Country Scene Engraving
A Russian silver and niello cigarette case, finely crafted with engraved country scene and 'M.C.' monogram, interior with original gilt finish, by Aleksandr Alekseyevich Smirnov, Moscow, circa 1895, 10 cm wide, 155 grams.
Russian Guilloche Cigarette Case with Gold Initials and Diamonds
Russian 3rd Artel St Petersburg guilloche cigarette case. Early 20th century. Silver gilt interior. Hallmarked to base and lid. Applied yellow gold initials in a diamond set reserve, 8 x 5 cm
Russian/Latvian Silver Cigarette Case with Portrait of Writer
A Russian/Latvian .875 silver cigarette case, post 1908-1918 Moscow mark with Kokoshnik and 1922-1939 Latvian mark with crowned female head marked 875, also marked 12A to cartouche, featuring the portrait of bearded man with books, probably Kri?j?nis…
Napoleon Silver Cigarette Case with Smolensk Burning Scene
Antique Russian Napoleonic silver cigarette case depicting Napoleon Bonaparte standing on the city walls overlooking Smolensk burning, with gilded interior stamped 84 and makers mark in Cyrillic with green cabachon stone thumb piece weighs 180gms and…
Russian Silver Niello Cigarette Case, 1863
Fine antique Russian silver niello cigarette case depicting a topographical view and monogrammed cartouche to reverse stamped to the gilded interior 84 for 875 silver and makers mark AC and dated 1863 weighs 187gms and measures 12.3 cm x 7.7 cm
Russian Enamel Cigarette Case, Gustav Klingert (c.1900-1915)
Antique Russian silver & enamel cigarette case rubbed makers mark, attributed to Gustav Klingert c1900-1915, monogrammed
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Lotus Motif
Russian silver cigarette case, marked 84, makers mark Ak, of rectangular form, the front beautifully decorated with monogram and lotus motif, total weight 154gm, length 11 cm
Russian Silver Cigar Case with Monogram
Russian silver cigar/vesta case, hallmarked, St. Petersburg, 84, M.H, of rectangular form, with ribbed surface to two hinged compartments, with monogram, total weight 200gm
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Bear and Hunter Embossing
A Russian silver cigarette case, 19th century embossed with a bear and a hunter, inscribed in Russian to the interior and impressed 84 Zolotnik and illegible makers mark 11.5 cm high, 9 cm wide
Russian Gold and Silver Cigarette Case with Vesta
Russian gold and silver cigarette case and vesta, marked, of reeded rectangular form, with applied monogram, 'Therese' and acanthus motifs, with hinged cover set to the top with vesta, with cover to the side opening to reveal a monogrammed medallion dated…
Russian Cloisonne Silver Cigarette Case, Early 20th Century
A heavy Russian silver & cloisonne cigarette case Moscow, circa 1908-1916, the hinged rectangular case decorated with vibrant cloisonne enamels in geometric motifs. Maker's mark for Dmitry Nicktin (active 1893-1917), with a Russian silver 84 Zolotnik mark…
Russian Silver Cigar Case with Vesta and Engraved Decorations
Magnificent Russian silver cigar case, with hinged cover opening to hinged interior, the top set with hinged vesta, the whole decorated with engraved flowers, ribbons and monograms, total weight 242gm, length 12 cm
Russian Cloisonne Enamel Cigarette Box, Early 20th Century
Early 20th century Russian cloisonne enamel cigarette box, elongated rectangular form all scroll worked, two section interior
Russian Niello Silver Cigarette Case, Moscow 1895
Russian silver cigarette case circa 1895, with Moscow mark, makers mark Hag 'Ivan Sveshnikov' and 84 quality stamp. Decretive city scape and scrolled floral pattern. Niello finished. Size 9 x 7 cm, weight 121.7g
Silver Cigarette Case from Moscow, 1894 - 97g
Bright cut 840 silver cigarette case Moscow A.A 1894 97g
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Engine Turned Quadrant Design
A good quality heavy Russian silver cigarette case, square, with engine turned quadrant section covers and gilt interior. Stamped 84 Zolotnik (90% silver?). Ak. C. 1920.mm, length 9 cm, width 9 cm.mm, width 150g
Faberge Gold, Sapphire, and Diamond Cigarette Case
A Faberge gold, sapphire and diamond cigarette case, Workmaster Anders (Antii) Nevalainen, St Petersburg, 1899-1904, Russia, the rectangular-shaped case decorated in a sunburst pattern radiating from a collet-set old European-cut diamond, cabochon…
Radiating Heart Gold Cigarette Case with Sapphire Thumbpiece
A gold cigarette case, bearing Ovchinnikov mark, Moscow 1908-1917, Russia, the rectangular-shaped case decorated in a radiating heart pattern, cabochon sapphire thumbpiece, gross weight approximately 170 grams, approximately 98 x 72 mm, signed M…
Russian 875 Silver Cigarette Case with Bird Relief
Russian 875 silver cigarette case the lid cast in low relief with a bird in a landscape, 875 mark to the gilded interior.
Russian Silver & Enamel Cigarette Case, Moscow 1908-1926
Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, marked Moscow 1908-1926, of rectangular pillow form, decorated with two panels, one displaying figures with children, the other with a panel of flowers, surrounded by stylised geometric motifs in tones of blue,…
Russian Silver and Gold Cigarette Case with Monograms
Russian silver and gold cigarette case, of rectangular reeded form, decorated with gold initials and monograms, impressed 84//N.O (in cyrilic), total weight 113gm, length 10.2 cm
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Stone Opener
Russian silver engraved cigarette case with semi precious stone opener
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Engraved Gold Shield
Vintage Russian silver cigarette case, engraved decoration to silver, with applied gold shield, and monogrammed escutcheon to 1 side, enamelled four leaf clover to other side. Hallmarked and marked 84. Gilt washed interior. Length 8.5 cm approx. Weight…
Faberge Silver Cigar Case with Samorodok Technique
A Faberge silver cigar case in the Samorodok Technique, the interior gilded, with a cabochon gemstone thumbpiece. The exterior ornamented with the initials 'TT' in gold, Workmaster Anders Johan Nevalainen (1858?1933), Moscow hallmark for 1899?1908, This…
Faberge Karelian Birch Cigarette Case with Ruby Thumbpiece
A Faberge cigarette case in Karelian birch mounted in silver-gilt with a cabochon ruby Thumbpiece, Workmaster Victor Aarne (1863-1934), St Petersburg hallmark for 1899-1908, Faberge cigarette cases are among the most attractive of the objects produced by…
Chased Silver Cigarette Case with Angel and Woman
Russian chased silver cigarette case c1908, chased with an angel embracing a kneeling woman, within an architectural interior, having blue paste thumb-piece & gilt interior, with Kokoshnik mark for Moscow 1908-1926 and maker's mark of Konstantin Skvortsov…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Gold Detail and Moonstone Thumbpiece
A Russian silver presentation cigarette case, gold applied detail to the front and reverse, some losses, moonstone thumb piece to the push button release.
Enamelled Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Floral Design
Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, of rectangular form, beautifully decorated with stylised flowers and brocade work, in tones of green, blue, pink, white and yellow, evidence of gilt interior, total weight 283gm, 12.5 cm x 9 cm
Russian Silver Enamel Cigarette Case by Ivan Zakharov
Good Russian silver and enamel cigarette case, of rectangular form, decorated with trailing flower heads and leaves, in tones of pink, blue, yellow and green on a gilt ground and gilt interior, impressed 84, Cyrillic script for Ivan Zakharov, 9.5 cm x 6 cm
Russian Silver Enamel Cigar Case with Star Motif
Fine 19th century Russian silver and enamel cigar case, of rectangular form, beautifully and finely decorated with fine central star motif surrounded by floral scrolls and flower heads, with blank medallion verso, with gilt interior and impressed Ivan…
Russian Gold Cigarette Case with Gemstones
A Russian gem-set fourteen carat gold cigarette case, circa 1909-17, 585 gold standard, Cyrillic mark for Yakov-Mikhailovich Rozen, an elegant case with rounded long edges, the hinged cover with a cabochon sapphire set thumbpiece, decorated throughout…
WWI Russian Soldier Cigarette Box
World War I Russian souvenir wood cigarette box. The hinged lid with low relief carving of a soldier, dated 1914-16. 7.5 x 9.5 cm
Bark Textured Gem Set Silver Cigarette Case
Russian silver cigarette case, c. 1930, of rectangular shape with 'Bark' textured surface decoration and gem set clasp, with gilt interior, hallmarked, approx. Weight 147.3 grams, height 9.3 cm width 8 cm depth 2 cm
Faberge Diamond Coronet Vermeil Cigarette Case
A Faberge vermeil silver presentation cigarette case, Workmaster Anders (Antti) Nevalainen, St. Petersburg, circa 1910, Beautifully applied with a raised old cut diamond encrusted coronet to lid, cabochon sapphire push button, housed in a later custom…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case, Post-1958, Weight 134g
A Russian silver (875) cigarette case, post 1958, Wt 134 g
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Warrior, Lion and Cub
A Russian silver cigarette case decorated with a young warrior, lion and little cub, 12 cm high, 8 cm wide
1941 Engraved Russian Silver Cigar Case - 925 Purity
Russian silver cigar case, with engraving dated 1941, 13.5 cm x 8.3 cm, 197 grams approx, tested 925/1000 purity
Art Nouveau Russian Silver & Enamel Cigar Case with Swans
A Russian silver and enamel cigar case, decorated in multi-colours of swans on a pond among Art Nouveau water lilies and cabochon amethyst thumb piece, with faux marks for Moscow and Michael Perchin, 10.5 x 6.5 cm
Monogrammed Russian Silver Cigarette Case by Linsky
Russian silver 840 standard cigarette case with a gilt wash interior, monogrammed 'Se'. Maker Linsky. Condition: good, wear to the gilt, minor scratches, 15.8 x 7.8 cm. Weight 208g
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Palace Design
Russian silver cigarette case, mark of Aleksandr Alekseyevich Smirnov, Moscow, 1893, the front engraved with a palace and geometric design, the gilded interior retains Russian hallmarks, height 7.8 cm width 5.2 cm, approx. Weight 68.9 grams
Russian Cloisonne Enamel Cigarette Case by Pavel Ovchinnikov
A Russian silver and cloisonne enamel cigarette case, Pavel Ovchinnikov, Moscow, 1908-1917, the rounded rectangular case enamelled to front and back with a central floral medallion within a floral field, a scrolling lozenge border forming a cartouche,…
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with St. George Decoration
A Russian silver cigarette case, the rectangular hinged case having elaborate chased decoration depicting St George and the dragon, Russian marks, total length 110 mm. Condition: sterling silver surfaces are worn. High points are worn down.
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Elaborate Chased Decoration
A Russian silver cigarette case, the rectangular hinged case having elaborate chased decoration depicting two men on horses, having a stone set push clasp, Russian marks, 110 mm. Condition: metal surfaces at highpoints heavily worn and a small indentation…
Russian Gold Cigarette Case with Gem Set Thumb Press
A Russian gold cigarette case, Moscow 1908 -1926, of plain rectangular form with gem set thumb press, 56 standard, 157.5 gms, 10 cm x 8 cm x 1.5 cm
Russian Silver Cigarette Case with Monogrammed Shield Cartouche
A Russian.875 silver cigarette case, circa 1899-1908, with zolotniki 84 and maker's mark B.P. With pellets in cartouche, possibly a Cyrillic mark for Vasily Rukavishnikov, the cushion shaped case of generous depth with narrow and wider ribbed bands to…
Khlebnikov's Demon: Russian Silver Cigarette Case
Russian silver cigarette case by Ivan Khlebnikov, Moscow, circa 1890, the repouss© lid depicting scene from Mikhail Lermontov's epic poem 'Demon' with garnet thumb-piece
Russian Niello Silver Cigarette Case with Troyka Scene (1893)
Russian niello silver cigarette case, Moscow 1893 with a troyka scene, maker's mark of Petr Abrosimov
Russian Silver Horse Head Cigarette Case
A Russian silver cigarette case, 1908-1926 Moscow, with zolotniki 84 and maker's mark for probably Ivan Krutikov, the rectangular cushion form case the finely embossed image of a horse's head within a horseshoe; with a gilt interior; hallmarked twice,…
Russian Silver Filigree Cigarette Case, 1865
A Russian .916 silver filigree cigarette case. 1865 with assay marks for possibly Viktor or Veniamins Savinsky and maker's mark. a fine mesh cushion shaped case with a lift off lid, in a fine mesh with filigree scrolls to the top and base; hallmarked to…
Russian Silver and Gold Cigarette Box with Cabachon
Russian silver cigarette box, gold and cabachon open
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