Spode Blue and White Egg Cups - Bone China and Pearlware

• Firing Crack - A firing crack is a crack in a porcelain or stoneware item that occurs whilst the item is in the kiln.They are usually caused by faulty design, where one part is thicker than the surrounding area, and being thicker it cools more slowly, setting up a stress with the surrounding area. Firing cracks are not often seen on modern mass produced porcelain, as the damaged items are discarded during prooduction. However they are seen in earlier items and artisan-produced objects.
• Bone China - Bone china, Also called 'English china", is one of the three types of porcelain, the other two being soft paste porcelain and hard paste porcelain.
  
  Porcelain is an ancient ceramic material, first made in China, hence the common name "china", and the introduction of bone china was to counter the imports of Chinese porcelain.
  
  The initial development of bone china is credited to Josiah Spode, who introduced it around 1800 and it was soon after copied by other manufacturers including Minton, Coalport, Davenport, Derby, Worcester, Wedgwood and Rockingham and the Herculaneum factory at Liverpool.
  
  Spode's bone china was made by mixing ash from cattle bones with feldspar and kaolin, which created a material that was stronger, more translucent, and whiter than traditional porcelain. He began to produce this new type of porcelain in 1796 and it quickly became very popular.
  
  At the time, the process and ingredients were kept secret and were only known to a few manufacturers and were protected by patents.
  
  In the 19th century, bone china became increasingly popular and was widely produced by many manufacturers in England. During this time, it was considered a luxury item and was often used to create fine dining sets and other decorative items.
  
  Bone china is still used in the production of fine porcelain wares, such as tea sets, figurines, and other decorative pieces. His basic formula of six parts bone ash, four parts china stone, and three and a half parts china clay remains the standard English body. It is still considered a luxury item due to its strength, translucency, and whiteness, and is often used for high-end and high-quality porcelain. China.
• Pearlware - Pearlware is a type of earthenware pottery that was developed in the late 18th century in England, made from a mixture of clay, flint, and other materials, and is distinguished by its smooth, creamy white glaze. The glaze has a pearlescent quality, which is how the pottery got its name.
  
  Pearlware was developed as a more affordable alternative to porcelain, which was much more expensive and difficult to produce. It quickly became popular throughout England and Europe, and was exported to other parts of the world as well. It was particularly popular for making tableware, such as plates, bowls, and teapots, as well as decorative objects like figurines and vases.
  
  One of the most distinctive features of pearlware is its blue decoration. Many pieces of pearlware were decorated with blue patterns or designs, often featuring pastoral scenes, floral motifs, or geometric patterns. The blue decoration was typically applied over the white glaze, which created a striking contrast and made the designs stand out.
• Transfer Printed / Decorated Transferware - Transfer printing is method of decorating ceramics, reducing the cost of decoration when compared to employing artists to paint each piece. A print was taken on transfer-paper from an engraved copperplate, covered in ink prepared with metallic oxides, and the image on the paper was then applied to the biscuit-fired ceramic body. The print was fixed by heating the object in an oven, and then glazed, sealing the picture. Early transfer prints were blue and white, as cobalt was the only colour to stand firing without blurring. Early in the 19th century advances in the composition of the transfer paper resulted in better definition and detail, and enabled engravers to combine line-engraving with stipple.

This item has been included into following indexes:

• Copeland Spode (England), item types - other items 211