A gravity timepiece, brass, c.1920. Brass cased circular movement slides on two vertical columns descending from top to bottom in 30 hours and rewound daily by raising the movement to the top. The mechanism uses a compound pendulum with two small brass spherical bobs and visible escapement, and the time is shown by brass hands behind the glass front panel reverse painted with white Arabic numerals. Made by Watson & Webb, London, The Keeless Clock Company, height 26 cm
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- Pendulum - The pendulum was discovered around 1602 by Galileo Galilei, and was adopted for time keeping by the Dutch mathematician and natural philosopher, Christiaan Huygens, who excelled in astronomy, physics, and horology.
The pendulum comprises a metal rod usually of brass or steel with a metal disk, known as a bob, at the end. The movement of the pendulum is driven by weights or a spring, and as a pendulum swings in a regular arc, it was found accuracy could be controlled to within a few seconds a week.
Timekeeping can be adjusted by changing the height of the bob on the rod, making the pendulum either swing slower or faster.
The disadvantage of the pendulum was that changes in temperature also changed the length of the pendulum, interfering with the accuracy of the clock, and so in the 18th century two types of mercurial pendulums were invented which countered the movement in the steel rod.
The pendulum was the world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the invention of the quartz clock, regulated by a quartz crystal, in 1927.
- Movement - The technical name for the workings of a clock or watch, and does not include the dial or case.
- Timepiece - In today's usage, the word "clock" is the name given to any instrument used for measuring time, but the word clock is derived from the Celtic word meaning "bell", and traditionally a clock without a bell or chime was known as a timepiece.
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