Jacobite Engraved Wine Glass with Heraldic Rose

• Circa - A Latin term meaning 'about', often used in the antique trade to give an approximate date for the piece, usually considered to be five years on either side of the circa year. Thus, circa 1900 means the piece was made about 1900, probably between 1895 and 1905. The expression is sometimes abbreviated to c.1900.
• Stem - In drinking glasses the stem is that section of the glass that joins the bowl to the foot. In mass produced glasses is usually solid and of cylindrical shape, but in antique drinking glasses it may be long and short and in various styles or with decoration, such as air twist, baluster, collared, faceted, hollow, knopped, teardrop, twisted or incised.
• Engraved Glass - The method of decorating glass by marking the surface with a sharp intrument such as a diamond, metal needle or rotating cutting wheel. As pressure is applied to the surface, best results for engraving are achieved if the glass is of sufficient thickness. In the 19th century etching was used to decorate some table glassware that was too fine to take an engraving tool.
• Heraldic Decoration - Heraldic decoration on silver, glass, and porcelain refers to the use of coats of arms and other heraldic symbols as decorative motifs on these materials. Coats of arms were traditionally used to identify individuals, families, and institutions, and were often displayed on shields, banners, and other objects.
  
  The heraldic decoration typically takes the form of engraved or etched designs that incorporate coats of arms or other heraldic symbols. Heraldic decoration on silver, glass, and porcelain has a long history, dating back to the medieval period when coats of arms were first used. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, heraldic decoration on decorative objects became increasingly elaborate and ornate, with finely detailed designs that often incorporated intricate scrollwork, mythological figures, and other decorative motifs.
  
  In the 18th and 19th centuries, heraldic decoration became particularly popular among the aristocracy and upper classes, who used these objects as symbols of their wealth and status.
• Bowl - With drinking glasses, the bowl is the hollow section of the glass that holds the liquid. Many glasses were mounted on a stem joined to a foot, others were cylindrical, of tumbler shape. The size and shape of the bowl was determined by the type of liquids they were meant to hold. Shapes used included bell shaped, conical (funnel), bucket shaped, trumpet, cup, ogee, funnel, cylindrical and rounded.
• Folded Foot - A drinking glass with a rounded edge to the foot, where the foot is effectively double-layered by turning it, usually under but sometimes over and then flattened , against the disk of the foot, to provide extra stability and reduce the risk of chipping or breakage.
  
  The technique originated in Venice during the Renaissance and was adopted by English glassmakers who continued to fold the feet of drinking glasses and bowls until c1750.
• Jacobite - Wine glasses engraved with mottos and symbols of the Jacobites, who were supporters of Prince Charles Edward Stuart's claim to the English throne.
  
  They were passed around amongst the members of secret groups devoted to the restoration of a Catholic monarch in Scotland and England under the House of Stuart.
  
  The last Jacobite Rebellion ended with Charles Edward Stuart?s defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. His image features on some of the Jacobite glassware.
  
  Genuine examples of Jacobite glassware are dated between 1746 and 1788 but many later copies and forgeries are in circulation.
  
  In November 2012 a Jacobite "Amen" glass, the rarest group of Jacobite glasses sold for £43,000 at auction in Shropshire, England.
• Oak - Native to Europe and England, oak has been used for joinery, furniture and building since the beginning of the medieval civilisation. It is a pale yellow in colour when freshly cut and darkens with age to a mid brown colour.
  
  Oak as a furniture timber was superceded by walnut in the 17th century, and in the 18th century by mahogany,
  
  Semi-fossilised bog oak is black in colour, and is found in peat bogs where the trees have fallen and been preserved from decay by the bog. It is used for jewellery and small carved trinkets.
  
  Pollard oak is taken from an oak that has been regularly pollarded, that is the upper branches have been removed at the top of the trunk, result that new branches would appear, and over time the top would become ball-like. . When harvested and sawn, the timber displays a continuous surface of knotty circles. The timber was scarce and expensive and was used in more expensive pieces of furniture in the Regency and Victorian periods.

This item has been included into following indexes:

• glass, types or items - Georgian glasses, engraved or etched decoration 88
• Jacobite wine glasses - Georgian glass 16