Learn about antiques and collectables...
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Learn about and understand the items, manufacturers, designers and periods as well as the specialist terms used in describing antiques and collectables. Either click one of the letters below to list the items beginning with that letter, or click on a category on the left side of the screen to list the items under that category.
E.s. Barnsley & Co.
E.S. Barnsley & Co. was a silverware company based in Birmingham, England. The business operated from 1895 until 1921 and produced a range of high-quality silverware products, including flatware (cutlery), hollowware (such as candlesticks and vases), and other decorative items. E.S. Barnsley & Co. was known for its craftsmanship and attention to detail.
Eames, Charles and Ray
Born in 1907, Charles Eames developed an interest in engineering and architecture, which he studied at Washington University.
In 1929, while traveling in Europe, he was influenced by the Modernist Movement through the works of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Gropius. In 1938 Eames began studying at Cranbrook Academy of Art, sponsored by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen.
There he met his future wife, Ray Kaiser. Ray assisted Eames and Saarinen’s son Eero on projects for ‘The Organic Design in Home Furnishings’ competition at New York Museum of Modern Art, held in 1940, where they won the two first prizes. Their exhibits utilized innovative manufacturing techniques including a method for moulding plywood.
Eames continued working on the plywood moulding technique, and developed the ‘Kazam! Machine’, a press for moulding plywood, which lead to a commission by the US Navy for limb splints.
Now married, the Eames’ continued their work on plywood furniture, including a moulded plywood chair, which won the accolade ‘chair of the century’ from architectural critic, Esther McCoy.
The Herman Miller company took on the production of this chair in the US and still produces Eames’ designs today.
Other key pieces include the ‘Lounge Chair and Ottoman’ from 1956 and ‘Tandem Sling Seating’, which is still used in airports. They continued their design work, and other major projects in architecture and film-making, into the 1970s. Charles Eames died in 1978 and Ray in 1988.
Eamonn Vereker
Eamonn Vereker was born in County Kilkenny Ireland and began as an apprentice at Waterford Crystal, Ireland, and later as a Master Cutter in 1976. After immigrating to Australia in 1987, he established Eamonn Vereker Glass Studio in Adelaide in 1994. He has been awarded for his craftmanship and quality and his work is currently available throughout Australia and in selected galleries in Asia.
Earthenware
A basic ceramic material that is fired at a low temperature. Earthenware is the basis of almost all ancient, medieval, Middle Eastern and European painted ceramics. After firing, the colour is the colour of the clay when it is dug from the ground: buff, brown and red. It is not waterproof until glazed. Creamware is a type of earthenware covered with a transparent lead glaze. Majolica, faience and delft are also earthenware covered in an opaque white tin glaze.
East India Company
The British East India Company was a British trading company that was active from 1600 to 1858. It was one of the leading commercial enterprises of its time and played a key role in the development of British trade and commerce with India, China, and Southeast Asia.
The British East India Company was granted a monopoly on trade with the East Indies by the English government, and it quickly established a network of trading posts and settlements throughout India and Southeast Asia. The company was involved in numerous wars and conflicts in India and Southeast Asia, and it gradually gained political influence over large parts of the region.
The Dutch East India Company, also known as the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was a Dutch trading company that was active from 1602 to 1798. It was one of the first multinational corporations in the world and one of the largest commercial enterprises in history.
The Dutch East India Company was established with the goal of establishing a trade monopoly in the spice trade with the East Indies. The company was granted a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade, and it quickly became one of the most successful and powerful trading companies in the world.
Over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch East India Company expanded its reach and influence throughout Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Far East. The company established a network of trading posts and colonies, and it played a major role in the commercial and political development of many regions in Asia.
Despite its commercial success, the Dutch East India Company was also notorious for its ruthless treatment of local populations and its exploitation of resources. The company was involved in numerous conflicts and wars throughout its history, and it was accused of using slave labor and engaging in acts of piracy.
The Dutch East India Company was dissolved in 1798.
Eastman Kodak
The Eastman Kodak Company, commonly known as Kodak, is an American technology company that was founded in 1888 by George Eastman. It is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is one of the largest photography companies in the world.
Kodak initially focused on the development and sale of photographic film products, including cameras, and became one of the dominant players in the photography industry. With the advent of digital technology, Kodak faced significant challenges as demand for traditional film products declined, and it struggled to transition to digital imaging.
In 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection, and since then it has refocused its business on digital imaging and technology solutions. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 2013 and now provides a range of products and services in the digital printing, packaging, and functional printing markets, including software and services for the commercial and packaging printing industries.
Ebenezer Coker
Ebenezer Coker was born in 1710 in Hertfordshire, England. He was apprenticed to Joseph Smith, a silversmith in Clerkenwell, London, in 1728. After completing his apprenticeship, Coker established his own business in Clerkenwell in 1739. Coker was a successful silversmith, and his work is characterized by its high quality and elegant design. He specialized in making candlesticks, salvers, and other tableware. His work is often decorated with floral motifs and other decorative elements. Coker died in 1783. His business was continued by his son, also named Ebenezer Coker. This silver objects with a hallmark date after 1783 are by Ebenezer Coker, Junior.
Ebeniste
The French equivilent to the English "cabinet maker". Because of their preference for ebony, a new, rare and expensive wood in the 17th century, the French masters of the craft of veneering were known as ébénistes, although they later combined veneering with technical variations such as marquetry. The Paris Guild of Ebenistes was extemely influential, and its members almost as highly regarded as painters and sculptors.
Ebonised
Timber that has been stained or lacquered black in imitation of ebony. The process has been used since the Renaissance, but is most commonly found in late 19th century furniture, sometimes gilded and turned in imitation of bamboo. Furniture with an ebonised finish is not currently in vogue, and this is reflected in the price for such pieces.
Ebony
Ebony is a close grained timber, black in colour. It has a fine texture which can be polished to a high gloss, making it suitable for venereering, inlay and stringing and its use as solid timber is resticted to small decorative items and ornamental decoration, such as chess pieces and musical instrument parts. The term "ebonised" means "faux ebony", timber that has been darkened during the polishing process to resemble ebony.
Ecuelle
An ecuelle is the French term for a shallow, bowl-shaped dish used for serving soup or stew. The term is also sometimes used more broadly to refer to any small, round dish used for serving food. In the Middle Ages, ecuelles were often made of pewter or other metal and were an essential part of tableware. They were used to serve a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, sauces, and porridge, and could also be used as drinking vessels. Today, ecuelles are still used in traditional French cooking and are often made of porcelain or silver.
Edgar Brandt
Edgar Brandt (1880 - 1960) was a French Art Deco ironworker and designer. He is known for his wrought iron furniture, lighting fixtures and decorative objects, many of which were created for the Art Deco movement. He was one of the most prominent ironworkers of his time, and his work was highly influential in the development of the Art Deco style.
Brandt was born in Nogent-sur-Seine, France and began his career as an apprentice blacksmith. He quickly developed a passion for the art of ironworking, and by the turn of the century he had established himself as a master craftsman. He opened his own workshop, "Edgar Brandt - Atelier de Fer" in Paris and began producing high-quality wrought iron furniture, lighting fixtures, and other decorative items. He quickly gained recognition and his work was exhibited in many prestigious exhibitions and events like Paris Salon d'Automne and the World Fair in Paris.
Brandt's work is characterized by its clean lines, geometric shapes, and the use of intricate, repeating patterns. He was also known for using new techniques like acid etching to achieve a fine texture on his pieces. His work was widely admired and continues to be highly sought after by collectors today, as it is considered to be some of the best examples of Art Deco ironwork.
Edgar Mansfield
Edgar Mansfield (1907-1996) was a New Zealand-born British sculptor and bookbinder, who has been described as the "main inspiration behind modern British bookbinding".
Mansfield was born in London in 1907, but his family emigrated to New Zealand when he was young. He studied art at the King Edward Technical College in Dunedin, and then taught art for four years before returning to London in 1934 to continue his studies.
Mansfield began his career as a sculptor, but he soon turned to bookbinding. He was inspired by the work of the Arts and Crafts movement, but he developed his own unique style, which was characterized by its use of bold colors, abstract designs, and innovative materials.
Mansfield quickly established himself as one of the leading bookbinders in Britain. He bound books for many famous collectors and institutions, including the British Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Library of Congress.
In addition to his work as a bookbinder, Mansfield also continued to sculpt. He created a number of public sculptures, including a war memorial in Hastings, New Zealand, and a fountain in the town of Bearsted, Kent.
Mansfield was a highly respected figure in the world of art and design. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal British Society of Sculptors in 1980, and he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1979. He died in 1996 at the age of 89.
Edith E. Morris
Edith Emily Morris (née Hopson) was born in Hougham, Kent, England in 1895. She emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1924, settling in Auckland, Dunedin, and then Wanganui. In the mid-1930s, the family moved to Wellington, where Edith took a course in metalworking at Wellington Technical College. She began producing jewellery and metalwork from a workshop in her home at Days Bay in 1936.
Morris was a regular contributor to the annual exhibitions of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts from 1937 onwards. She was influenced by the art and design traditions of many cultures, and her work often incorporated elements from these traditions. She also used New Zealand subject matter, such as greenstone, Maori design elements, and native birds.
Morris worked predominantly in silver, using soldered layers of metal. The finish was usually a plain polished surface, but she sometimes applied an artificially antiqued background for contrast. Semi-precious stones, often large and unfaceted, were a common feature of her rings and brooches. Her interest in astrology also influenced her work, and she often used stones that were associated with particular astrological signs.
In addition to rings, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and spoons, Morris also made miscellaneous items such as paperweights, bookmarks, and hairpins. Her work is held in the Otago Museum, as well as in private collections in New Zealand and overseas. Her customers included foreign diplomats working in Wellington.
Morris was also a talented seamstress, pianist, artist, and painter. She was known for her forthright personality and sarcastic wit, but she was also generous and respected for her integrity. She died in Wellington Hospital on 28 December 1965, and was survived by her husband and sons. A retrospective exhibition of her work, "Edith Morris, Silversmith", was held at the Otago Museum in 1994.
Edo Period, Japan
The Edo period in Japan lasted from 1603 to 1868. During this time, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate, a military government led by the Tokugawa family. The Edo period is characterized by a period of relative peace, stability, and economic growth, as well as by the development of a distinctive culture and society.
During the Edo period, the capital of Japan was moved from Kyoto to Edo (modern-day Tokyo), and the country became increasingly isolated from the rest of the world. The shogunate implemented strict policies to maintain control, including the restriction of foreign trade and travel. However, despite this isolation, the Edo period saw significant cultural and artistic development, including the emergence of the ukiyo-e woodblock print tradition, the growth of Kabuki theater, and the flourishing of a vibrant merchant culture.
The Edo period ended with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which saw the collapse of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule.
Edra S.p.a.
Edra s.p.a. is an Italian furniture design and manufacturing company, known for its mid-century modern designs, which are characterised by their simple lines, elegant materials, and comfortable seating. Gismondi began his career as a furniture designer in the early 1960s. He was inspired by the work of mid-century modern masters such as Charles and Ray Eames, Mies van der Rohe, and Arne Jacobsen. Gismondi wanted to create furniture that was both beautiful and functional, and that would appeal to a wide range of people.
In 1968, Gismondi founded Edra s.p.a. with the goal of producing high-quality furniture that was also affordable. The company quickly gained a reputation for its innovative designs and its commitment to using the finest materials. Some of Edra's most iconic mid-century modern designs include the Maralunga sofa, the Diamond Sofa, and the Big Mama chair. These pieces are all characterized by their simple lines, elegant materials, and comfortable seating.
Some of the mid-century modern furniture designers have worked with Edra including Gae Aulenti, Vico Magistretti, Mario Bellini, Alessandro Mendini and Jasper Morriso. Edra's furniture has been featured in some of the world's most prestigious design publications, and it has been used in homes and businesses all over the globe.
The company continues to produce innovative and stylish furniture that is inspired by the mid-century modern design aesthetic.
Edward Barnard & Sons Ltd.
This old established manufacturing silversmith business was started by Anthony Nelme c.1680 passing to Francis Nelme on his death in 1722. Thomas Whipham took over the business in 1739, passing it to his son Thomas Whipham jr in 1756 who took into partnership Charles Wright.
The Barnard’s involvement started in 1786 when the business was taken over by Henry Chawner; Chawner had been Edward Barnard I’s master and Barnard’s son Edward became foreman of the firm. In 1796 John Emes became a partner and after the retirement of Chawner, Emes became owner maintaining Edward Barnard II as manager. Emes died in 1808 and his widow Rebecca Emes took as partner Edward Barnard II. Rebecca Emes retired in 1829 and Edward Barnard I took over with his son Edward Barnard II, John Barnard and William Barnard, trading under the name Edward Barnard & Sons.
After the retirement of Edward Barnard I the firm was continued by Edward Barnard II (1846-1851), John Barnard I (1846-1868), William Barnard (1846), Edward Barnard III (1868), Walter Barnard (1868-1903), John Barnard II (1868-1903), Michael Barnard (1896-1903), Stanley Barnard (1896-1903) and Robert Dubcock (1896).
Edward Barnard and Sons created the Lily font, a large silver gilt baptismal font used in the christening services of members of the British Royal family. The Lily font was commissioned by Queen Victoria from, for the christening of her first child, Victoria, Princess Royal on 10 February 1840, her parents' first wedding anniversary.
In 1898, they moved to Fetter Lane, and in 1920, to Hatton Garden, London and the firm became a limited liability company in 1910 as Edward Barnard & Sons Ltd. In 1977 Edward Barnard & Sons Limited became a subsidiary of Padgett & Braham Ltd.1977. The business closed in 2003.
Edward Dent
Edward Dent (1790-1853) was a prominent clockmaker and inventor in the early 19th century. He was born in London, England and began his career as an apprentice to a clockmaker. He went on to establish his own clockmaking workshop in London in 1813, where he produced a wide range of timepieces, including grandfather clocks, marine chronometers, and precision regulators.
Dent was a skilled craftsman and inventor, and he made significant contributions to the field of clockmaking. He is best known for his work on the longcase clock, also known as the grandfather clock, which he developed and improved upon throughout his career. He also developed a new type of escapement, known as the "Dent escapement," which was used in precision regulators and marine chronometers.
Dent's clocks were highly sought after and were purchased by many prominent figures, including King George III and Queen Charlotte, as well as members of the Royal Society. He was also appointed as clockmaker to King William IV and Queen Victoria.
Edward Fischer
Edward Fischer (1828-1911) migrated to Australia from Vienna in the early 1850s, and settled into business as a jeweller in Geelong, which at that time was an important commercial centre particularly for the export of wool. It was a very prosperous centre attracting many watchmakers and jewellers, as no doubt there were many well-to-do clients.
Fischer was an important jeweller in the town, producing outstanding quality silver and gold wares, indeed, he was commissioned to manufacture the first locally produced Melbourne Cup, and became well known for his design and craftsmanship in producing the Geelong Racing Clubs presentation cups from 1873 to 1890. He was also a quality producer of silverware for Kilpatrick & Co. and Walsh Bros. of Melbourne.
In 1891 Fischer sold his business and left Geelong, relocating to Collins Street, Melbourne, where he traded as E. Fischer and Son, Manufacturing Jewellers, Watchmakers and Opticians. Apparently the business was managed by his son Harry. Edward Fischer died in 1911, but the business continued until about 1916.
Jewellery by Fischer is marked FISCHER or E. FISCHER, GEELONG.
Edward Miller & Co., Lamps
Edward Miller & Co. was a lamp manufacturing company established in Meriden, Connecticut, in 1844. Initially started by Horatio Howard, the company was sold to Edward Miller the following year.
The company expanded its operations in the 1870s by opening new stores in New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. By 1893, it employed around 700 people.
In 1924, the company's assets, including its property and goodwill, were transferred to The Miller Company. Throughout its years of operation, Edward Miller & Co. participated in several national and international expositions, including the 1876 Centennial Exposition, for which it won an award, as well as exhibitions in Australia and New Zealand.
The company's designs are held in the collections of various museums, including the Connecticut Historical Society, the Corning Museum of Glass, and The Henry Ford. The Miller Company continued to manufacture electric lamps through the 20th century and was later sold to Diehl in 2000, becoming a distributor of fine metals.
Edward Vii
Edward VII (1841 – 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 1901 until his death in 1910. He was the first British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which was renamed the House of Windsor by his son, George V.
Edward Viii
Edward VIII (1894 – 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication to marry American socialite Wallis Simpson on 11 December 1936.
Edwardian
The Edwardian period of English furniture and decorative arts design is named for Edward VII (1841 – 1910) who was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India for the brief period from 1901 until his death in 1910. It follows the Victorian period, in turn was followed by the Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. In Australia, designs of this period are also known as being in the Federation style.
Edwards & Roberts
Edwards & Roberts was founded in 1845, and by 1854 were trading as ‘Edwards & Roberts, Antique and Modern Cabinet Makers and Importers of Ancient Furniture’. By the late 19th century Edwards & Roberts was one of the leading firms of English cabinetmakers.
They produced furniture designs of the times, as well as reproductions of earlier French and English styles, and their name is associated with high quality workmanship and materials, specialising in marquetry, inlay and ormolu.
They also retailed many items of second-hand furniture, so an Edwards & Roberts stamp does not necessarily mean that the item was made by them.
Edwin William Godwin
Edwin William Godwin (1833 – 1886) was an English architect and designer who was active in the latter part of the 19th century. He is best known for his contributions to the Aesthetic movement, a design style that emphasized beauty and elegance over functionality.
Godwin's architectural and design work is characterized by a distinct style that blended elements of Gothic and Japanese design, as well as influences from classical and Renaissance styles. He was known for his furniture designs, particularly his chairs and sofas, which often featured intricate carvings and ornate decorative elements. He was also known for his interior designs, which often included intricate patterned wallpaper, exotic textiles, and unique lighting fixtures.
In addition to his design work, Godwin was also a writer, and he published several books on design and architecture, including "The Cabinet Maker, Upholsterer, and General Artist's Encyclopaedia" and "The Grammar of Ornament". He was also a talented painter, and his works are notable for their vivid colors and intricate details.
Although Godwin's work was popular in his lifetime, it fell out of favour in the early 20th century and was largely forgotten until the revival of interest in the Aesthetic movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
Eero Aarnio
Eero Aarnio is a Finnish interior designer, born in Helsinki in 1932n Hi is noted for his innovative furniture designs in the 1960s, such as his plastic and fibreglass chairs.
Eero Aarnio studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki and started his own business in 1962. The following year, he introduced his Ball Chair, a hollow sphere on a stand, open on one side to allow a person to sit within. The Ball Chair was introduced to the public at the Asko stand at the Cologne furniture fair in 1966. The similar Bubble Chair was clear and suspended from above. Other innovative designs included his Pastil Chair, a beanbag-like molded armchair, and the Tomato Chair, which has a seat moulded between three supporting spheres.
The designs of Eero Aarnio are characterised by their use of organic shapes and bright colours. He has said that he is inspired by the natural world, and his furniture often resembles flowers, fruits, and other objects from nature. His designs are also known for their playful and whimsical nature.
His work has been exhibited in museums around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the Pro Finlandia Medal of the Order of the Lion of Finland and the Prince Eugen Medal.
Eero Aarnio continues to design furniture, lighting, and everyday objects in his studio in Helsinki, where he lives and works.
Eero Saarinen
Eero Saarinen was a Finnish-American architect and designer who is best known for his work in the mid-century modern style. He was born in 1910 in Kirkkonummi, Finland, and his family moved to the United States when he was a child.
Saarinen studied architecture at Yale University, and he later worked with his father, Eliel Saarinen, who was also an architect. In the 1940s and 1950s, Saarinen became a leading figure in the mid-century modern movement, and he designed many iconic furniture items.
One of Saarinen's most famous furniture designs is the Tulip Chair, which he designed in 1956 for the furniture manufacturer Knoll. The Tulip Chair features a single pedestal base and a shell-shaped seat that is made from molded fiberglass. The chair was intended to be a departure from the traditional four-legged chair, and it has become a classic example of mid-century modern design.
Saarinen also designed the Womb Chair, which was also produced by Knoll. The Womb Chair features a curved, upholstered seat that is designed to cradle the body and provide a comfortable and cozy seating experience.
In addition to his furniture designs, Saarinen is also known for his architectural work, including the TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri.
His work is recognized for its innovative use of materials, clean lines, and organic shapes, which have had a lasting impact on furniture design and Saarinen's furniture designs continue to be popular among collectors and enthusiasts of mid-century modern design.
Egg and Dart Moulding
A decorative element consisting of a row of oval shapes, generally vertical, and spaced with pointed darts or tongues. Originally derives from the architectural decorations of classical antiquity, and the feature can be found on bookcases, mirrors and tables and other furniture imitating the classical style.
Eggshell Porcelain
Eggshell porcelain, as the name implies is porcelain with a very thin body, often white and translucent. It is most often seen in Chinese and Japanese ceramics, especially Japanese porcelain tea services.
Egyptian Canopic Jars / Vases
Canopic jars are ancient Egyptian funerary jars that were
used to hold the internal organs of the deceased during the mummification
process. The jars were typically made of pottery or stone, and had stoppers
shaped like the heads of four different deities, each one representing one of
the cardinal points and was responsible for protecting a specific organ. The
four jars were Imsety, who protected the
liver; Hapy, who protected the lungs; Duamutef, who protected the stomach and
Qebehsenuef, who protected the intestines.
These jars were placed in tombs along with the mummy, and
were intended to assist the deceased in the afterlife. They were often
decorated with hieroglyphics, images of the gods, or other religious symbols.
Today, many canopic jars can be seen in museums around the world, as they are
considered valuable examples of ancient Egyptian art and culture.
Egyptian Faience
Egyptian faience is the oldest known type of glazed ceramic, first developed more than 5,000 years ago in Egypt and elsewhere in the ancient world, using the process of efflorescence. This process involves mixing the glaze materials in with the rest of the ingredients. Metals in the paste colour the glaze, for example copper for a turquoise colour and cobalt for a blue glaze. As the moulded object dries, the glaze materials move to the surface of the object. When the object is fired in a kiln, the glaze materials undergo a chemical change which brings out the colours.
Eileen Gray
Eileen Gray was an Irish-born architect, furniture designer, and lacquer artist who lived and worked in France. She was born on August 9, 1878 in County Wexford, Ireland and died on October 31, 1976 in Paris, France.
Gray is widely regarded as one of the most important designers of the 20th century, and her work had a significant influence on the development of modernist design. She began her career as a lacquer artist and later turned to furniture design, creating pieces that were innovative and groundbreaking for their time. Her work was characterized by clean lines, simple forms, and a focus on functionality and comfort.
Throughout her career, Gray's work was often overshadowed by the more famous architects and designers of her time, but her contributions to the field of design were eventually recognized, and she was awarded several honors later in life. Gray's work is widely recognized as some of the most important and innovative of the 20th century.
Elastolin (o&m Hausser)
Elastolin is a trademark used by the German company O&M Hausser for the toy soldiers and other types of figures it manufactured from composite material and later from plastic. The Hausser firm was founded in 1904 by Christian Hausser and his sons Otto and Max. The factory was situated in Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart.
In 1910, the company began producing toy soldiers from a new material called Elastolin, which was a mixture of sawdust, glue, and pigments. This material was much more durable than the traditional lead soldiers, and it allowed Hausser to produce figures with a much higher level of detail.
Elastolin figures quickly became popular, and the company became one of the leading toy manufacturers in Europe. During World War I, Hausser produced figures of both German and Allied soldiers, and these figures were used by children all over the world to play war games.
After the war, Hausser continued to produce Elastolin figures, and they expanded their range to include other types of figures, such as cowboys, Indians, and historical figures. In 1933, Hausser began experimenting with plastic figures, and they introduced their first plastic Elastolin figures in 1955.
Plastic figures were much cheaper to produce than Elastolin figures, and they soon became the company's main product. Hausser continued to produce Elastolin figures until the 1960s, but they eventually discontinued them in favor of plastic.
The Hausser company continued to produce toys until 1983, when it filed for bankruptcy. The company's assets were acquired by a group of investors, and the Elastolin brand was eventually revived by the German company Schuco.
Elastolin figures are still popular today among collectors and wargamers. They are known for their high quality and realism, and they are a reminder of a golden age of toy manufacturing.
Elbow Chair
Another name given to a dining chair with arms, more commonly called a carver chair.
Electric Clock
The development of the electric clock can be traced back to the late 19th century, when the first electromechanical clocks were invented. These early clocks used an electromagnet to power a mechanical movement that kept time, and were powered by a battery or other electrical source.
One of the first electric clocks was invented by French engineer Henri Châton in 1841. Châton's clock used a solenoid (a type of electromagnet) to power the clock's movement, and was driven by a battery. This was followed by the invention of the synchronous electric clock, which used a synchronous motor to keep time. This type of clock was first developed by Warren Marrison, an American inventor, in the early 20th century.
The development of the electric clock was a significant milestone in the history of timekeeping, as it provided a more accurate and reliable way of measuring time. Unlike mechanical clocks, which could be affected by temperature changes and other environmental factors, electric clocks were much more accurate and consistent. They also offered the advantage of being powered by an external source, which eliminated the need for winding and maintenance.
Electrotype
An electrotype is a metal copy of a three-dimensional object
made by the electroplating process. The original object, typically made of a
material that is not conductive, is coated with a thin layer of metal, such as
copper or silver, to make it conductive. The coated object is then used as a
"model" or "positive" in an electrolytic bath where a thin
layer of metal, such as gold or silver, is deposited onto it. The result is a
metal duplicate of the original object, which is known as an electrotype. The
process was developed in the 1830s.
Electrotype
The process of electroyping was a Victorian phenomenon and product of nineteenth century industrialisation. Metal parts were chemically reproduced by depositing copper on a mould of wax or other material. Electrotypes were used as a tool for students of design to study fine examples of craftsmanship.
Elgin Watch Company
The Elgin National Watch Company was founded in 1864 in Elgin, Illinois, at the end of the Civil War to compete with the American Waltham Watch Co. It was one of the most important and prolific watch manufacturers in the country, producing high-quality timepieces that were sold all over the world.
The company's principal founder, Philo Carpenter, was a businessman who saw an opportunity to enter the watchmaking industry as demand for timepieces grew in the United States. Carpenter teamed up with a group of investors to create the National Watch Company, which would later become known as the Elgin National Watch Company.
Elgin watches were known for their precision and accuracy, and the company quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality timepieces. Elgin watches were particularly popular among railroad workers, as they were known for their reliability and durability.
During World War II, Elgin shifted its production to support the war effort, producing military watches and timing devices for the armed forces. After the war, the company continued to innovate and expand its product offerings, introducing new designs and technologies such as the "Shockmaster," which was designed to withstand shocks and jolts that could damage the delicate inner workings of a watch.
Despite its success, the Elgin National Watch Company faced challenges in the mid-20th century as consumer tastes shifted and cheaper, mass-produced watches flooded the market. The company struggled to keep up with the competition, and it eventually declared bankruptcy in 1968 and discontinued all US manufacturing. It sold the rights to the name "Elgin", which were subsequently resold multiple times over the years. The rights eventually were purchased by MZ Berger Inc., which manufactures its watches in China and distributes them outside traditional watch dealerships. Elgin-branded watches produced after 1968 have no connection to the Elgin Watch Company.
Elizabeth Lissaman
Elizabeth Hazel Lissaman, born on October 11, 1901, in Blenheim, New Zealand, developed a strong interest in pottery during her school years. Despite a lack of contacts in the field, she pursued her passion. In 1921, Lissaman stayed with her grandmother in Sydney, Australia, where she sought knowledge from libraries, brickworks, and fellow beginner potters. She learned about clay preparation, pottery wheels, throwing techniques, glazing, decorating, and kiln building and firing.
Upon her return to New Zealand in 1922, Lissaman set up a studio on her parents' farm. She sourced terracotta clay from The Elevation near Picton, transported it to her studio, and developed a unique pottery wheel with the help of her father, brothers, and friends. She ordered ceramic materials from England and waited months for their arrival.
When electricity became available in the mid-1920s, Lissaman switched from coal to an oil-fired kiln and added an electric drive to her wheel. She held her first exhibition at the Winter Show in Christchurch in 1927. In 1930, she married Henry Francis Hall and had three children.
Lissaman crafted various domestic ware items such as mugs, jugs, bowls, and plates. While much of her work served utilitarian purposes, she also created intricately decorated pieces intended as standalone objects. Her designs showed similarities to low-temperature majolica ware, but she had already established her unique style before her 1958 European travels.
In 1966, the family relocated to Morrinsville, where Lissaman had a custom-built studio with an electric kiln. She made her last wheel-thrown pots at Crathie Rest Home in Tauranga in 1990, after nearly 70 years of pottery and multiple relocations.
Lissaman received honorary life membership from the New Zealand Society of Potters in 1965 and was appointed an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1982 for her contributions to pottery. She passed away in Cambridge, New Zealand, on February 18, 1991.
Elizabethan
Strictly speaking, furniture usually in oak, made in the reign of Elizabetht I, from 1558 to 1603. The style incororates elaborate and ostentatious carving of classicial figures and themes and bulbous baluster legs, with an Italian Renaissance influence. When a piece is described as "Elizabethan style", it mimics the attributes of the Elizabethan period, but was made at a later date.
Elizabethan and Elizabethan Style Furniture
The furniture style of the Elizabethan period (1558-1603) was heavily influenced by the Renaissance and was characterized by its ornate, decorative design and its use of traditional materials, such as oak and walnut.
Common furniture pieces from the Elizabethan era included high-backed chairs and benches, large cupboards known as court cupboards, and long dining tables. These pieces were often decorated with intricate carvings, including coats of arms, mythical creatures, and images of nature, such as leaves and flowers.
Elizabethan furniture was also characterized by its use of turned legs, which were often carved and ornately decorated. The chairs and benches of this period often featured large, sturdy arms, and some were upholstered in velvet or other rich fabrics.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Elizabethan style was revived, popularized by the Arts and Crafts movement, which sought to revive traditional craftsmanship and design in response to the mass-produced, machine-made products of the Industrial Revolution.
As well as furniture, the Elizabethan Revival style can be seen in homes, public buildings, and institutions of the late 19th century, and was often combined with other architectural styles, such as Gothic Revival and Jacobethan. Today, the Elizabethan Revival style is considered a classic example of Victorian architecture and continues to be popular for its timeless appeal and traditional aesthetic.
Elkington & Co.
Elkington & Co., a silver and silver plate manufacturing
company, was established in Birmingham, England by George Richards Elkington
and his cousin, Henry Elkington in the 1830s. The company was renowned for
introducing commercial electroplating, having recognized the potential of using
electricity in the plating process. Prior to this, they had registered several
patents. However, it was only after acquiring the patent for Dr. John Wright's
process that they opened a new electroplating manufacturing business in
Birmingham in 1841. The company was initially named G.R. Elkington & Co.
but changed to Elkington, Mason & Co. in 1842 when Josiah Mason became a
partner. Josiah Mason encouraged the company to expand its product line to
include affordable electroplated jewellery and cutlery, in addition to their
existing large pieces. In 1861, the partnership with Mason ended, and the
company continued independently as Elkington & Co. until 1963 when it was
acquired by British Silverware Ltd. which later became a subsidiary of Delta
Metal Co. Ltd. Elkington & Co. received various Royal Warrants of
appointments, including an Imperial and Royal Warrant of Appointment from the
emperor of Austria. The company was highly successful and considered one of the
premier silver plating producers. One of their notable works is the electrotype
copy of the Jerningham Wine Cooler displayed at the Victoria & Albert
Museum.
Elkington & Co.
Elkington & Co. was a Birmingham silverware company producing fine silverware and silver plate. The business was founded in 1815, by the uncle of George Richards Elkington (1801-65). On his uncle's death George Richards Elkington became the sole proprietor and took in his brother Henry Elkington as a partner, changing the name to G. R. Elkington & Co. The business took out patents for the plating of articles in 1836, 1838 and 1840. In 1842 a third partner, Josiah Mason, joined the firm and the name was changed to Elkington, Mason, & Co. until 1861, when the partnership with Mason was terminated.
The greater durability of electroplate together with its affordability meant that it steadily ousted pure silverware, especially for the more functional items such as tea and coffee services. The company licenced the process to a number of manufacturers, including Christofle & Cie of France.
By 1880 the company employed over 1000 workers at premises in Birmingham, and had a further 6 works.
The company received awards at the great international exhibitions from the 1850s onwards for its excellence in artistic quality and fine design and held Royal Warrants from British Royalty including Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, Queen Alexandra, King George V, Queen Mary and King George VI. Elkington & Co. supplied plated wares to the luxury dining sections on board the Titanic and other ships in the White Star Line fleet.
By 1900 the Elkington monopoly of electroplate diminished as the original patent rights expired, and this period witnessed the enormous increase in output of other Birmingham, London and Sheffield manufacturers.
The firm operated as Elkington & Co. from 1861 until 1963 when it was acquired by British Silverware Ltd. which also had the Mappin & Webb brand. During World War II the company had stopped producing plated wares, and moved into copper refining which continued when it became a subsidiary of Delta Metals Group in 1955.
The original Elkington Silver Electroplating Works, in Newhall Street in Birmingham, became the Birmingham Science Museum in 1951, until its closure in 1997.
Ellis Ceramics
Founded in 1953 by Dagmar and Miloslav Kratochvil, Ellis Ceramics began as a small pottery workshop in the backyard of their home in Abbotsford, a suburb of Melbourne. The Kratochvils were assisted migrants from Czechoslovakia who had arrived in Australia in 1951. After working in labouring jobs assigned to them by the Government in Newcastle for two years, they moved to Melbourne to pursue their passion for pottery.
Elm in Furniture Construction
Elm wood has a long history of use in furniture construction in Britain and Europe, dating back to medieval times. Elm was highly valued for its strength, durability, and attractive grain patterns, and its resistance to rot and decay, making it a popular choice for furniture. During the 17th and 18th centuries, elm was widely used for a variety of furniture styles, including Queen Anne, Chippendale, and Georgian. Elm was also commonly used for the construction of Windsor chairs, which were popular in England and America during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Elsa Peretti
Elsa Peretti was a renowned Italian jewellery designer, philanthropist and fashion model who gained worldwide recognition for her iconic designs, which are characterized by their simplicity, elegance, and use of organic forms. She was born on May 1, 1940, in Florence, Italy, and grew up in Rome.
Peretti studied interior design at the University of Rome, but it was during a trip to Barcelona in the early 1960s that she discovered her passion for jewellery design. She began creating her own jewellery pieces using natural materials such as bone, horn, and leather, and quickly gained recognition for her innovative designs.
In the late 1960s, Peretti moved to New York City, where she began designing for the fashion house Halston. Her jewellery designs for Halston, which included simple, elegant pieces such as the signature "Bone Cuff," quickly gained popularity and became highly sought after by fashion-conscious women around the world.
In 1974, Peretti launched her own jewellery line, which was initially sold exclusively at the luxury department store Tiffany & Co. Her designs for Tiffany & Co. included a range of simple, organic forms inspired by nature, such as the "Bean" pendant, the "Open Heart" necklace, and the "Mesh" collection.
Over the years, Peretti's designs have won numerous awards and accolades, and her work has been featured in exhibitions at major museums around the world. Her jewellery and design pieces for Tiffany & Co. are included in the 20th century collection of the British Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.She has also been a tireless advocate for environmental causes, using her influence and resources to support organizations that work to protect the planet's natural resources and wildlife.
Today, Peretti continues to design jewellery, and her iconic pieces remain highly sought after by collectors and fashion enthusiasts around the world. Her legacy as a pioneering female jewellery designer, as well as her commitment to environmental causes, has made her an inspiration to many.
Elsie March
Elsie March (3 October 1884 – 1974) was an English sculptor and one of eight artists in her family. She was born in Kingston upon Hull, England, and her father was employed as a seed crusher foreman (oil miller) in Yorkshire. The family had moved by 1901 to Battersea in London, where her father worked as a builder's clerk.
She was the seventh of nine children, eight of whom became artists. Three of them were sculptors, Sydney, Elsie, and Vernon. The other five artist siblings were Edward, Percival, Frederick, Dudley and Walter. The ninth sibling was her sister Eva Blenkin March. Both of their parents died in 1904.
Elsie March began her artistic training at the Battersea Polytechnic School of Art, where she studied painting and metalwork. She later went on to study sculpture at the Royal Academy Schools.
After completing her studies, she worked as a sculptor and metalworker. She exhibited her work at the Royal Academy, the Royal Society of British Artists, and the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours. She was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Sculptors in 1932.
Elsie March is best known for her work on the National War Memorial of Canada in Ottawa. After the death of her brother Vernon, who was the lead sculptor on the project, Elsie and her other brothers helped to complete the work. Two of the bronze figures on the memorial are of servicewomen, which was unusual at the time. She was a skilled sculptor who was able to capture the human form with great accuracy and emotion.
Elsie March died in 1974 at the age of 90. She was the last surviving member of her generation
Elvis Presley Memorabilia
Elvis Presley, often referred to as "The King of Rock and Roll," has been an iconic figure in music and popular culture for decades. As such, there is a vast array of Elvis Presley memorabilia available to collectors, including records, photographs, posters, concert tickets, and personal items once owned by the singer.
Amongst the most popular items of Elvis Presley memorabilia are vinyl records, particularly the early 45s and 78s, which were released during the 1950s and 1960s. These records are often highly sought after, especially those that were limited edition or have a unique cover or label design. Other popular items include concert posters, which often feature bold, colorful designs and were produced in limited quantities.
Personal items owned by Elvis Presley are also highly prized by collectors. These can include clothing, jewellery, and personal effects, such as his famous "TCB" necklace or his gold-plated piano. These items are often sold at auction and can fetch high prices, particularly if they have a strong connection to a significant event in the singer's life, such as his wedding to Priscilla Presley.
There are also many other collectables available, such as autographs, vintage magazines, and photographs, as well as toys, games, and other merchandise produced during the height of his fame. Collectors should be careful to ensure that any item they are purchasing is authentic and has been verified by a reputable authentication service or expert in Elvis Presley memorabilia.
Overall, collecting Elvis Presley memorabilia can be a rewarding and fascinating hobby for fans of the singer and music history enthusiasts alike. The wide variety of items available, combined with the enduring popularity of Elvis Presley, ensures that the market for these collectables remains strong.
Emanuel Ungaro
Emanuel Ungaro (1933-2019) was a French fashion designer who founded the House of Emanuel Ungaro in 1965. He was known for his sensual and glamorous designs, which often featured bold colors, mixed prints, and flowing fabrics.
Ungaro was born on February 13, 1933 in Aix-en-Provence, France, to Italian immigrant parents. He began his career in fashion azt the age of 17, working as a tailor for his father and other local designers. After completing his apprenticeship, he moved to Paris in 1955 to study fashion design. After graduating from school, Ungaro worked for several other designers, including Cristóbal Balenciaga and Courrèges. In 1965, he launched his own label with the assistance of Swiss artist Sonja Knapp and Elena Bruna Fassio.
Ungaro's early collections were a hit with critics and consumers alike. He quickly became known for his sensual and glamorous designs, which were often worn by celebrities such as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Bianca Jagger, and Catherine Deneuve. His designs were characterized by their use of bold colors, mixed prints, and flowing fabrics. He was also known for his use of luxurious materials, such as silk, chiffon, and velvet. Ungaro's clothes were often described as being both sexy and sophisticated.
In addition to his ready-to-wear collections, Ungaro also designed haute couture. His couture collections were even more luxurious and glamorous than his ready-to-wear collections. Ungaro's couture clients included royalty, celebrities, and socialites from all over the world. Ungaro was also a successful perfume designer. He launched his first perfume, Diva, in 1983. Diva was a huge success, and it remains one of Ungaro's most popular perfumes today. Ungaro went on to launch a number of other successful perfumes, including Senso, Ungaro, and Emanuel Ungaro For Men.
Ungaro retired from fashion design in 2005 and sold his busines to a group of investors. . However, his brand continues to be popular today. Ungaro's clothes are still worn by celebrities and fashion enthusiasts all over the world.
Embossed / Repousse
Embossing, also known as repousse, is the technique of decorating metal with raised designs, by pressing or beating out the design from the reverse side of the object.It is the opposite of chasing, where the decoration is applied from the front. An embossed or repoussed object may have chasing applied to finish off the design.
Emeralds
Emeralds have been used in jewellery making for thousands of years, and are prized for their deep green colour, which is caused by the presence of chromium and vanadium in the mineral beryl. Because of their rare colour, emeralds are often more valuable than diamonds of a similar size and quality. In jewellery making, emeralds are typically cut into round or oval shapes to maximize their color and clarity. They are often set in gold or platinum and used as the centrepiece of a piece of jewellery, such as a ring or necklace. They can also be used in combination with other gems, such as diamonds, to create intricate and beautiful designs.
Emile Louis Picault
Picault died in Paris in 1915. Examples of his work can be found in the Louvre in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and other museums and galleries around the world.
Emilio Pucci
Emilio Pucci, born Emilio Pucci di Barsento, was an influential Italian fashion designer known for his vibrant and innovative designs. He was born on November 20, 1914, in Naples, Italy, and passed away on November 29, 1992, in Florence.
Emilio Pucci came from a noble and artistic background. His father belonged to one of Florence's oldest and wealthiest families, and his mother was a Russian noblewoman. Pucci showed an early interest in sports and had a successful athletic career. He even competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics as a member of the Italian ski team. Pucci studied agriculture at the University of Florence and earned a Doctorate in Political Science from the University of Florence in 1937.
During World War II, Pucci served as a pilot in the Italian Air Force. His wartime experiences later influenced his designs, particularly in the use of bold, geometric patterns and vivid colors. In 1947, Pucci designed a ski outfit for a friend, and its striking appearance caught the attention of Harper's Bazaar. This marked his entry into the world of fashion. Pucci's designs gained popularity among the international jet set and celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe, Sophia Loren, and Jackie Kennedy.
Pucci's designs were characterized by their vibrant, psychedelic prints, bold colors, and sleek, streamlined silhouettes. He drew inspiration from his Mediterranean heritage, incorporating motifs such as geometric patterns, swirling prints, and vibrant floral designs. Pucci's signature style became known as "Pucci prints" or "Pucci patterns." He often used stretch fabrics, such as silk jersey, which contributed to the comfort and versatility of his designs. His creations represented a departure from the traditional tailored garments of the time and embraced a more youthful, free-spirited aesthetic.
In 1950, Pucci opened his first boutique on the island of Capri, Italy. He later expanded his business and opened boutiques in cities like Rome, Milan, and New York. Pucci's designs extended beyond clothing and encompassed accessories, swimwear, perfume, and home goods. He collaborated with various brands, including luxury shoe company Roger Vivier and cosmetics company Estée Lauder. Throughout his career, Pucci received numerous accolades and honors for his contributions to fashion, including the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award and the Italian Knights Grand Cross. After his death in 1992, Pucci's daughter, Laudomia Pucci, took over the creative direction of the brand, ensuring the continuation of the Pucci legacy.
Empire Porcelain Company
The Empire Porcelain Company Limited was established in about 1896 at the Empire Works in Stoke Road, Stoke-on-Trent, England. The company produced a wide range of pottery and porcelain, including tableware, ornamental wares, and giftware. In the late-1920s and 1930s, Empire Porcelain became known for its Art Deco-style wares, which were often decorated using the drip glaze technique. The company also produced a range of popular chintz-decorated wares in the 1940s and 1950s.
In 1951, Empire Porcelain was acquired by H. Kaufmann Ltd, a Suffolk-based manufacturer of lawnmowers. The company was then acquired by the Qualcast Group in 1958. Empire Porcelain Co. Ltd was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Qualcast Group in 1963.
Despite full order books, Empire Porcelain ceased to operate in mid-1967. Empire Porcelain was an important producer of domestic and ornamental earthenware and china for the middle of the market.
Empire Style
The Empire style was a version of neo-classicism popular from 1800 to 1830, coinciding with the rule of Napoleon I from 1840-15. In England the style corrosponds with the Regency style and in the United States to the Federal style.
The style is inspired by classical Rome and Greece, as reflected in the decorative motifs in the the design such as paterae, guilloches, acanthus and swags, and pieces are lavishly decorated with applied gilded decoration.
En Tremblant
En tremblant is a French term meaning "to tremble". It was first used to describe 18th and 19th century jewellery where parts of diamond set pieces were attached to a trembler to create movement in the jewel when worn. It's most common use was in brooches, especially for jewellery incorporating floral motifs or butterfly or dragonfly wings. There was a revival of the technique in the 1950s and 60s by Bulgari, and their jewellery became very fashionable with Hollywood stars.
Enamelled Boxes
Enamelling is the art of decorating articles with a layer of glass melted with enamel oxides, and fused onto a host surface such as gold, silver, copper, or ceramics.
In the early nineteenth century the art of enamelling snuff boxes, pill boxes and other small items fell into disuse in England and was not revived until the late 1880s when Alexander Fisher, who was largely self taught, began producing enamelled boxes for Liberty.
The art of enamelling was also revived in France in the late 19th century, while in Switzerland enamelling had never died out and continued to flourish with the production of fine enamelled jewel-boxes in Neoclassical designs, which continued to appear until well into the present century. These included fantasies modelled in the form of butterflies, birds and fishes. Enamelled boxes with geometric patterns in the cloisonne technique were produced in Vienna at the turn of the century.
Encaustic
Encaustic tiles have a long history, with some of the earliest examples dating back to the medieval period in Europe. They were popular for use in flooring and as decorative elements in fireplaces, fountains, and walls. The tiles are made using a manufacturing process that involves embedding different coloured clays into a single tile. The clay colours are arranged in intricate designs, and the tiles are then fired to fuse the colours together. The resulting tiles have a surface pattern that is visible even after the tile is glazed and sealed, giving them a distinctive, ornate appearance. Encaustic tiles are typically made by hand and are often used to create focal points in interior design, such as fireplace surrounds, entryways, or accent walls.
Enfilade
An enfilade buffet or sideboard is a long and low French buffet, usually with four doors or more, but without a back.
Engine Turned
Engine turning is a decorative technique used on metal surfaces to create intricate curving or geometric pattern. The process involves cutting a series of lines into the surface of the metal using a rose engine or decoration lathe which rotates the metal as it cuts, allowing the operator to create a repeating pattern that covers the entire surface. The resulting surface has a shimmering, reflective quality that is often described as "engine turned." Where an engine turned item has been enamelled, the term used to describe the decoration is usually guilloche.
Engine turning was originally developed to decorate metal objects such as firearms, scientific instruments, and other metal objects that required precise and elegant design.
Engraved Glass
The method of decorating glass by marking the surface with a sharp intrument such as a diamond, metal needle or rotating cutting wheel. As pressure is applied to the surface, best results for engraving are achieved if the glass is of sufficient thickness. In the 19th century etching was used to decorate some table glassware that was too fine to take an engraving tool.
Engraving
The method of decorating or creating inscriptions on silver and other metal objects by marking the surface with a sharp instrument such as a diamond point or rotating cutting wheel.
Enhancer
An enhancer is similar to a pendant: a piece of jewellery that is attached to a necklace or chain worn around the neck. A pendant has a small hook allowing it to be hung from the chain, but an enhancer has a hinged clasp that opens and can be snap-shut, allowing it to be used on a wider range of necklaces: chains, beads and pearls.
Entree Dishes
The name would indicate that entree dishes were designed to serve the course before the main course.
However they are also called "serving dishes" which is probably more indicative of their purpose: to hold and serve the vegetables accompanying the meat, or to hold the hot accompaniments for a breakfast. In order to keep the contents of the dish warm, many entree dishes had an inlet and double skinned base so that hot water could be added to the lower section of the dish. Another feature of theses dishes is the detachable top handle, allowing the dish itself to be heated in the oven or on the stove, with the unheated handle added after the hot dish was removed from the heat.
They became popular in the late 18th century, and were often made in pairs or fours. When owned by an important family, the family's armourials were often engraved on the lid.
Entrelac
In decorative arts, entrelac refers to a decorative technique that creates a woven or basket-weave-like pattern. The term "entrelac" is derived from the French word "entrelacer," which means "to interlace." In decorative arts, entrelac is often used to describe patterns that are created by interlacing or weaving together strips or bands of material.
In ceramics, entrelac is sometimes used to describe decorative patterns that are created by interlacing or weaving together strips or bands of clay. This technique can be used to create intricate designs and patterns on pottery, tiles, and other ceramic objects.
In other decorative arts, such as furniture, entrelac can be used to describe decorative inlays or marquetry, where wooden or other materials appear woven together to create intricate designs. This technique can be used to create decorative details on furniture, such as table tops and aprons, chair legs, and cabinet doors.
Enzo Mari
Enzo Mari was an Italian modernist artist and furniture designer who is known to have influenced many generations of industrial designers. He was born in Novara, Italy, in 1932, and studied at the Accademia di Brera in Milan. After graduating in 1956, he began his career in industrial design, working with numerous industries in a variety of different sectors, including graphics, publishing, and exhibition installations.
Mari's design philosophy was based on the idea that good design should be accessible to everyone, regardless of income. He was also a strong advocate for social justice and sustainability. His work is often characterized by its simplicity, functionality, and use of natural materials. Mari's most famous designs include the Delfina chair (1971), the Tonietta chair (1984), the Legato table (2000), the Autoprogettazione armchair (1974), the 16 Animals (1957).
In addition to his work as a designer, Mari was also a prolific writer and teacher. He wrote several books on design theory and practice, and taught at numerous universities and design schools around the world. Mari's work has been exhibited in museums and galleries all over the world, and he has received numerous awards for his contributions to design, including four Compasso d'Oro awards.
Enzo Mari died in Milan in 2020 at the age of 88.
Ep / Epns
The abbreviation for electroplated and electroplated nickel silver, that is, silver plate.
The body of the piece is made of a common metal such as copper, and electroplating involves placing an extremely thin layer of silver on the surface of the piece. The resulting silver content is very small.
Unlike solid silver items, there is minimal underlying scrap value, and the value of such pieces is based on the quality, design and construction of the piece.
Epbm / Britannia Metal
Britannia metal is a pewter type alloy, that can be temporarily polished to a silver-like lustre. In the 19th century, Britannia metal, was often electroplated. Plated wares in this metal may be marked EPBM (electro-plated Britannia metal). Where the silver plate wears on an EPBM item, the surface colour is dull grey, similar to pewter. Britannia metal was generally used as a cheaper alternative to electroplated nickel silver (EPNS) which is more durable. The primary component of nickel silver is copper and wear on an EPNS item will be indicated by a copper colored hue in the wear spots. EPBM items are held in low regard by collectors.
Epergne
A table centrepiece, which may have a large central bowl or dish, and a series of smaller bowls suspended from a central stem or branches, with the smaller bowls used to display sweetmeats. Some of the grander examples were made in silver, but epergnes were also made in ceramic and glass.
Ephemera
Ephemera is written or printed matter not meant to be retained or preserved, such as Christmas cards, cigarette and other trade cards, postcards, posters and Valentines. Ephemera collecting has been gaining popularity in recent years and the range of items collected has grown to include railway, bus, shipping, concert and exhibition tickets, decorative notepaper and envelopes, commercial bills and letter-heads, insurance policies, bank cheques, government bonds, stock and share certificates, and all types of advertising material.
Ephemera
Ephemera is written or printed matter not meant to be retained or preserved, such as Christmas cards, cigarette and other trade cards, postcards, posters and Valentines.
Epi Leather
A decorative effect used in Louis Vuitton handbags, by stamping a fine undulating horizonal pattern into the tanned leather.
Epiphone Company
The Epiphone company was founded in 1873 in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire, now Izmir, Turkey, by Anastasios Stathopoulos. He started out by selling and repairing stringed instruments, and eventually began making his own. In 1903, the company moved to New York City. The move allowed Epiphone to expand its market and become a major player in the American musical instrument industry.
In 1928, Epiphone introduced its first electric guitars. The Electar series was based on the Rickenbacker guitars of the time, and featured large magnetic pickups. In the 1930s, Epiphone was a leading manufacturer of archtop guitars. Its archtops were known for their rich sound and beautiful craftsmanship.
In 1957, Epiphone was purchased by Gibson Guitar Corporation. Gibson continued to produce Epiphone guitars, and the brand remained popular among musicians. In the 1970s, Epiphone production moved to Japan. This allowed the company to produce guitars at a lower cost, making them more affordable for musicians. In recent years, Epiphone has re-established itself as a major player in the guitar market. The company offers a wide range of guitars, from affordable beginner models to high-end professional instruments.
Some of the most famous Epiphone guitars include:
• Emperor: A high-end archtop guitar that was popular in the 1930s and 1940s. It was played by many jazz and blues musicians, including Django Reinhardt and Charlie Christian.
• Casino: A hollow-body electric guitar that was introduced in 1958. It is known for its warm, mellow sound and was played by many rock and pop musicians, including John Lennon, George Harrison, and Paul McCartney.
• Sheraton: Another hollow-body electric guitar that was introduced in 1959. It is similar to the Casino, but has a slightly brighter sound. It was played by many jazz and blues musicians, including B.B. King and John Scofield.
• Wilshire: A solid-body electric guitar that was introduced in 1959. It is known for its versatile sound and was played by many rock and pop musicians, including Eric Clapton and Keith Richards.
Equinoctial Dial on a Sundial
An equinoctial dial is a type of sundial that uses the equator as a reference plane and the gnomon, or sundial arm, is positioned perpendicular to the equator, which allows the sundial to be used in any location with a clear view of the sun and provides an accurate reading of local solar time.
Equinoctial dials were first developed in ancient Greece and were later refined by Arab astronomers. The dials became popular in Europe during the Renaissance, when they were used as both scientific instruments and works of art. Equinoctial dials were particularly popular in Italy, where they were often made of bronze or stone and were decorated with intricate engravings, sculptures, and inscriptions. The sundial as an instrument was superseded by the chronometer.
Erard
The distinguished Parisian firm Erard’s, makers of harps and pianos, were in business between 1777 and 1960.
The business was founded by Sebastien Erard, who had been apprentice to a Parisian harpsichord maker for two years before establishing his own workshop in the rue de Bourbon. In 1786 the company expanded by opening a branch in London, and in 1789 his brother Jean-Baptiste joined as partner.
Sebastien Erard obtained a number of patent registrations in both England and France, for design innovations to both the harp and piano, the most important being for the double-action harp in 1810, the forerunner to today's concert harp.
Ercol
British furniture manufacturer Ercol was founded by Lucian Ercolani, an Italian furniture designer, in 1920. Born in Italy in 1888, Ercolani moved to London in 1898 and later attended Shoreditch Technical Institute and the Royal School of Art. He combined his traditional furniture making skills with a passion for modern design, and this fusion became the foundation of the Ercol brand.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Ercolani began producing pieces of furniture inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement, a design philosophy that emphasized traditional craftsmanship and simplicity of form. However, it wasn't until after World War II, during the 1950s and 1960s, that Ercol became synonymous with mid-century modern design.
Ercol's mid-century modern furniture was characterized by its clean lines, organic shapes, and the use of natural materials, particularly elm wood. One of the company's most iconic pieces from this era is the "Windsor Chair," a design based on traditional English stick-back chairs but reimagined with a contemporary twist. The Windsor Chair's popularity helped establish Ercol as a leading name in British furniture design. During the mid-century period, Ercol furniture gained significant recognition and found its way into many British homes.
Lucian Ercolani passed away in 1976, but the business continued on, producing a wide range of furniture, including chairs, tables, sofas, and bedroom furniture, staying true to its heritage of mid-century modern design principles while also adapting to contemporary tastes and manufacturing techniques.
Ercol's legacy as one of England's foremost mid-century furniture designers and makers endures, and their pieces are highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts worldwide.
Eric Ravilious
Eric Ravilious (1903-1942) was an artist, designer and book illustrator. He studied at Eastbourne and Brighton Schools of Art and the Royal College of Art.
Most of his work was in printmaking and book illustrating, but in 1936 he was commisioned by Wedgwood to make a series of designs for Wedgwood. Most of his work for Wedgwood was in tableware and the designs included the children's "Alphabet" set and "Garden" (both in 1937) and "Garden Implements" and "Persephone" (both in 1938). He desinged the Wedgwood Coronation mugs for Edward VIII (never issued) and George VI (1937) and this latter design was reissued for the Coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953. His last design for Wedgwood was in 1940.
In 1941 Eric Ravilious was appointed an official war artist, and he died in active service the following year while taking part in an air-sea rescue off the coast of iceland.
Ericsson Ericofon
The Ericsson Ericofon was designed in the late 1940s and went into production in 1954.
The stylish one-piece design, with the dial in its base, was launched for domestic use in 1956. It came in a multitude of colours. It was discontinued in 1972.
Collectors should be aware that modern copies are now on sale.
Erik Buch
Erik Buch (1923–1982) was a Danish furniture designer known for his significant contributions to the mid-century modern design movement. He is particularly recognized for his innovative chair designs, which are characterized by their functional simplicity and focus on comfort. Here's a brief biography of Erik Buch:
Erik Buch was born on January 20, 1923, in Copenhagen, Denmark. He trained as a cabinetmaker and later pursued formal studies in furniture design at the School of Arts and Crafts in Copenhagen. In the early 1940s, Erik Buch established his own furniture workshop in Copenhagen, where he began designing and crafting furniture pieces.
During the mid-20th century, he gained prominence for his modernist designs that combined clean lines, organic forms, and an emphasis on practicality. Buch's most iconic and enduring design is the "Model 61" dining chair, created in 1956. This chair features an elegant curved wooden backrest and a comfortable upholstered seat. The design's graceful lines and thoughtful construction contributed to its popularity, making it a symbol of Danish mid-century design.
He collaborated with various Danish furniture manufacturers, such as Chr. Christiansen and Oddense Maskinsnedkeri, to produce his designs on a larger scale.
Erik Buch passed away on October 28, 1982, but his legacy lives on through his enduring furniture designs that have left a significant mark on the world of design and interiors. His work contributed to the global popularity of Scandinavian design during the mid-20th century and continues to influence contemporary furniture design.
Erik Hoglund
Erik Hoglund was born on June 8, 1932, in the town of Langasjo, located in the Småland region of Sweden and grew up in a region known for its rich tradition of glassmaking..He began his career in the glass industry by training as a glassblower at the Orrefors Glassworks,
Erik Hoglund's work is characterized by its bold, rustic, and often whimsical aesthetic and he was known for pushing the boundaries of traditional glassmaking techniques. One of Hoglund's most significant contributions was his role in popularizing the "Kraka" technique, which involved wrapping the body of the glass in heated threads of glass to create a textured and layered surface resembling cracked ice. This technique became a hallmark of his work and added a distinct visual and tactile element to his glass pieces.
He explored various artistic mediums, including ceramics, sculpture, and painting. His diverse skills allowed him to bring a unique perspective to his glass designs, incorporating elements from other artistic disciplines.
Erik Hoglund continued to create art and contribute to the glass industry throughout his life. He passed away on July 21, 1998, leaving behind a legacy of creativity and innovation.
Erik Jorgensen Mobelfabrik
Erik Jørgensen Møbelfabrik is a Danish furniture manufacturer founded in 1954 by Erik Jørgensen, a saddlemaker and upholsterer. The company is based in Svendborg, Denmark, and specializes in the production of high-quality, handcrafted furniture.
Erik Jørgensen's collection includes a wide range of furniture, from classic mid-century designs by Hans J. Wegner and Poul M. Volther to new pieces produced in collaboration with upcoming designers. The company's furniture is known for its timeless aesthetic, its comfortable seating, and its durability.
Erik Jørgensen is committed to producing furniture that is both beautiful and functional. The company uses only the finest materials and traditional craftsmanship in its production process. As a result, Erik Jørgensen furniture is known for its longevity and its ability to stand the test of time.
In October 2020, Erik Jørgensen was acquired by Fredericia Furniture, another Danish furniture manufacturer. The merger of these two companies created a leading force in the Danish furniture industry. Fredericia Furniture is known for its innovative designs and its commitment to sustainability. The combination of Erik Jørgensen's craftsmanship and Fredericia Furniture's design expertise promises to create even more beautiful and sustainable furniture in the future.
Erik Juckert
Erik Juckert was an Australian potter who was active from the late 1940s to the early 1990s. He was born in Melbourne in 1918 and studied pottery with Una Deerborn, one of Australia's leading potters.
Juckert's early work was influenced by Deerborn's style, which was characterized by simple, functional forms and earthy glazes. However, Juckert soon developed his own unique style, which was characterized by more complex forms and a wider range of glazes. He was particularly known for his use of splatter glazes, which created an unpredictable and organic effect.
Juckert's work was exhibited widely in Australia and overseas. He was also a regular contributor to Australian pottery magazines and journals. In 1967, he was awarded the prestigious Sulman Prize for Ceramics.
Juckert retired from pottery in the early 1990s and he died in 2004.
Ernest Finlay
A painter and potter, Ernest Finlay studied at the J. S. Watkins School in Sydney around the turn of the twentieth century. He worked with his brother, Alan, in Moreland, Victoria, and experimented with Aboriginal and native plant motifs. They exhibited with the Arts and Crafts Society of Victoria. <p>Ernest Finlay died about 1930.
Ernest Gimson
Ernest Gimson (1864-1919) was born and raised in Leicester, and was one of the pre-eminent figures of the English Arts & Crafts movement. In 1884, as a nineteen year-old articled architectural draftsman, he attended a lecture given in Leicester by William Morris after which the two men conversed for several hours, the beginning of an ongoing mutually-admiring relationship based on their shared strong interest in traditional English architecture and craftsmanship. In addition to his work as an architect (including, in 1912, submitting designs in the competition to design the new Australian capital, Canberra), Gimson turned increasingly towards furniture and other handcrafts inspired by earlier English tradition. In the early 1890s he joined with others in moving to the Cotswolds to establish a community of like-minded designer-craftsmen and artists, thus establishing what was to become known as the 'Cotswold School' within the Arts & Crafts movement. The furniture designed by Gimson and made in his workshop is widely regarded as being amongst the finest and now most sought after of English Arts & Crafts furniture. Also raised in Leicester, Harry Peach (1874-1936) is today perhaps best known as the founder of Dryad Furniture, a highly successful manufacturer of cane furniture, but he was in his work and interests generally another keen believer in Morris's vision to revive and promote traditional English artisanship and to bring good design and craft into as many households as possible. To this end, in 1915, alongside Ambrose Heal and others, he was a co-founder of the Design and Industries Association which continues to this day (original slogan: 'Nothing Need be Ugly'). As successful business families in Leicester, the wider Gimson and Peach families had been friendly for some years by the time, in the 1910s, Peach began furnishing his house 'Crowbank', largely with furniture acquired from Gimson and his foreman (and successor) Peter Waals.
[Courtesy of Leonard Joel Auctions]<p>
Ernest Race
Ernest Race (1913-1964) was a British furniture and industrial designer known for his innovative and modernist designs. Born on May 16, 1913, in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, Race studied interior design at the Bartlett School of Architecture in London. He gained prominence in the mid-20th century with his contributions to the world of design, particularly during the post-World War II period when there was a shift towards modernism and functionalism.
In the 1940s and 1950s, Race became associated with the Festival of Britain, a national exhibition held in 1951 to showcase British design, technology, and arts. His "Antelope" chair, which he designed for the festival's Regatta Restaurant, became an iconic piece and exemplified his interest in using materials like steel rod for lightweight and contemporary furniture. Ernest Race's work was characterized by a combination of functionality, simplicity, and an understanding of industrial production processes. He often utilized materials such as steel, plywood, and fabric to create aesthetically pleasing and practical designs.
Apart from his contributions to furniture design, Race also worked on various projects, including exhibition design and collaborations with architects. He was involved in the design of the Churchill Gardens housing estate in London during the 1950s. Ernest Race passed away on November 18, 1964, leaving behind a legacy of innovative and influential designs that continue to be appreciated in the world of mid-century modern furniture.
Ernest Rancoulet
French sculptor Ernest Rancoulet was a born on March 5, 1844, in Paris. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and became known for his skilfully executed bronze sculptures. He embraced a variety of subjects in his art, ranging from classical and mythological themes to contemporary scenes, and his style often reflected the academic and naturalistic tendencies of the time.
Rancoulet exhibited his sculptures at various salons in Paris, including the Salon des Artistes Français and he also collaborated with other artists and received commissions for public monuments and decorative sculptures.
Ernest Rancoulet passed away on August 23, 1917, leaving behind a body of work that reflects the artistic trends of his era.
Ernest Shufflebotham
Ernest Shufflebotham (1908 - 1984) was a British ceramic artist who later became a prominent figure in the New Zealand pottery scene. He is known for his unique approach to ceramics, which combined traditional techniques with modern design.
Shufflebotham was born in Stoke-on-Trent, England, which was known for its pottery industry. He was trained by Keith Murray, a New Zealand-born ceramic designer, while at Wedgwood in England and later worked in various pottery studios in England and Europe, honing his craft.
In 1948 Shufflebotham was brought to New Zealand by Crown Lynn along with a number of other designers including Frank Carpay to produce more upmarket works that would expand the market for Crown Lynn ceramics. He was one of the few professional "throwers" working in New Zealand during the period from his arrival in 1948 to his departure in 1957. The matt white finish of his work was made possible by Crown Lynn"s 1948 development of a formula based on Matauri sourced clay, which consistently burned white.
Shufflebotham's work was heavily influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, as well as the traditional English pottery techniques that he had learned in his youth. His pieces were often wheel-thrown, and he used a variety of glazes and surface treatments to create unique textures and designs. He was known for his simple, elegant forms and his attention to detail, and his work is highly prized by collectors in New Zealand and around the world.
In addition to his work as a potter and teacher, Shufflebotham was also an active member of the New Zealand Society of Potters and helped to establish many of the country's ceramics organizations and institutions. He was a founding member of the New Zealand Society of Potters and played a key role in establishing pottery as a respected art form in New Zealand. Shufflebotham taught pottery at the Elam School of Art in Auckland during the 1950s and 1960s. He also taught at the Wellington Technical College and the Otago School of Art.
He passed away in 1994 at the age of 86.
Ernst Bohne & Söhne
Ernst Bohne & Söhne was a prominent German ceramics manufacturer that operated in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The company was founded in 1848 by Ernst Bohne, a former employee of the Meissen porcelain factory who had acquired the skills and knowledge necessary to produce high-quality ceramics.
Initially, Bohne focused on producing utilitarian wares such as dinnerware and vases, but he soon expanded into more decorative items such as figurines, clocks, and other ornamental pieces. The company was known for its high level of craftsmanship and attention to detail, and its products quickly gained a reputation for their beauty and quality.
One of the key factors in the success of Ernst Bohne & Söhne was its ability to adapt to changing tastes and styles. The company was quick to incorporate new design trends, and it was not uncommon for a single piece to combine elements from several different styles or periods. For example, a vase might have a neoclassical shape with Art Nouveau decoration.
Ernst Bohne & Söhne also worked closely with a number of prominent ceramic artists, who created designs exclusively for the company. These included Ernst Wenck, who was responsible for many of the company's figurines, and Hugo Lonitz, who collaborated with Bohne to produce a line of porcelain figurines and decorative items.
Over the years, Ernst Bohne & Söhne grew to become one of the largest and most successful ceramics manufacturers in Germany. The company exhibited its products at international exhibitions, including the 1851 Great Exhibition in London and the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, where it received numerous awards and accolades.
Following World War II the factory was nationalised by the East German government and subsequently merged with the Sitzendorfer Porzellanmanufaktur in 1974, but then in 1990 was re-privatised and reassumed the name Albert Stahl & Co. At this point they commenced making "reproductions" of the Ernst Bohne & Söhne range, as well as other figural steins.
Ernst Plank
Ernst Plank was a German toy manufacturer founded in 1866 in Nuremberg, Germany. The company was named after its founder, Ernst Plank, who was a skilled tinsmith and mechanic. He initially focused on producing toy steam engines and magic lanterns. His steam engines were some of the most realistic and complex on the market, and they were quickly popular with children of all ages. Plank also produced a wide range of magic lanterns, which were popular for both entertainment and educational purposes.
In the late 19th century, Plank began to produce toy trains. His trains were also highly realistic and detailed, and they quickly became some of the most popular toy trains on the market. Plank also produced a wide range of other toys, including toy soldiers, toy animals, and toy cars. Plank's toys were known for their high quality and their innovative designs. The company was one of the first to use lithography to decorate its toys, and it also pioneered the use of mass production techniques.
The company’s toys were exported all over the world, and the company became one of the leading toy manufacturers in the world. However, the company suffered during the economic crisis of the 1920s, and it lost much of its market share. In 1934, Plank was sold to the Schaller brothers, who focused on producing optical equipment. The company continued to produce toy trains until 1935, but it eventually ceased production of all toys.
Ernst Plank toys are highly prized by collectors for their high quality, innovative designs, and historical significance.
Ernst Plischke
Ernst Plischke (1903-1992) was an Austrian-New Zealand modernist architect, town planner, and furniture designer. He was born in Klosterneuburg, Austria, and studied at the College for Arts and Crafts and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. After graduating in 1926, he worked in a number of prominent Viennese and New York architectural firms.
Plischke was associated with the socialist-leaning Austrian Werkbund, a movement for the promotion of high-quality design and craftsmanship. He also married Anna Lang, a Jewish woman, in 1935. As a result of these factors, his employment opportunities dwindled under Nazi occupation.
In 1939, Plischke, his wife, and their son emigrated to New Zealand. He initially worked as an architectural draughtsman at the Department of Housing Construction, where he planned the towns of Mangakino and Kaingaroa, and shopping and community centers for new dormitory suburbs in the Hutt Valley and Auckland.
Plischke also began designing furniture in New Zealand. His pieces were characterized by their simplicity, elegance, and functionality. He often used native New Zealand timbers, such as rimu and kauri. Some of his most iconic designs include the "Plischke Chair" (1947), the "Plischke Settee" (1948), and the "Plischke Coffee Table" (1950).
Plischke's furniture was widely exhibited and published in New Zealand and overseas. He also received a number of awards, including the gold medal for furniture design at the 1951 Milan Triennale.
In 1963, Plischke returned to Austria with his wife. He continued to work as an architect and furniture designer until his death in 1992.
In addition to his furniture design, Plischke also made significant contributions to architecture and town planning in New Zealand. He was involved in the design of a number of important buildings, including the National War Memorial in Wellington, the Abel Tasman Monument in Golden Bay, and the Naenae and Trentham housing estates.
Errol Barnes
Errol Barnes. Born in Brisbane in 1941, and began general teacher training in Brisbane after which he spent two years training in art at the Central Technical College. There, he learned from Australian ceramicists Carl McConnell and Milton Moon.
He became a full-time potter in 1965, and was one of the first artists to show with art dealer Ray Hughes, whose Brisbane gallery opened in 1969. He turned professional and remained in Brisbane until after which he moved to a rural block at Springbrook in the Gold Coast Hinterland where he established Lyrebird Ridge Pottery where he trained many aspiring Australian potters.
Ertl Toys
Ertl Company is an American toy manufacturer specializing in die-cast metal toys, plastic model kits, and other collectibles. The Ertl Company was founded in 1945 by Fred Ertl Sr. in Dubuque, Iowa, USA. a journeyman molder who was temporarily idled by a strike at his factory. Ertl began making toy tractors in the furnace of his home, using defective aluminum aircraft pistons that he melted down. In the late 1940s, Ertl began manufacturing toy replicas of farm equipment, such as tractors and other agricultural machinery. These toys gained popularity, and Ertl shifted its focus entirely to toy production.
The company's first boxed toy was a sand-cast tractor for Deere and Company, released in 1946 and during the 1950s and 1960s, Ertl became synonymous with farm toys. They produced a wide range of die-cast metal farm equipment replicas, including tractors, combines, and trailers. These toys were known for their attention to detail and accuracy, which made them highly sought after by collectors and farm toy enthusiasts.
In the 1970s, Ertl expanded its product line beyond farm toys. They began producing die-cast metal replicas of automobiles, trucks, and construction vehicles. The company also ventured into plastic model kits, including cars, airplanes, and military vehicles. Ertl continued to emphasize quality and realism in their products, establishing a reputation for craftsmanship. In the 1980s it acquired several other toy companies, including AMT, MPC, and Structo.
In 1999, Ertl was acquired by Racing Champions, another American toy company specializing in die-cast collectibles. The merger created Racing Champions Ertl, Inc. The company continued to operate under the Ertl name and expanded its range of products, including licensed products from movies, television shows, and sports.
In 2008, the Japanese toy company TOMY International through a subsidiary RC2 Corporation acquired Racing Champions Ertl, Inc. The acquisition included the Ertl brand. TOMY is known for its wide range of toys, including licensed products, infant and toddler toys, and preschool products.
Under TOMY's ownership, Ertl continued to produce die-cast metal toys, plastic model kits, and other collectibles. The Ertl brand maintained its reputation for quality and authenticity.
Escritoire
A French term for a writing desk, usually with a vertical fall front which opens to the writing surface, and an interior fitted with drawers and pigeon holes. with further drawers below, similar to a bureau.
Escutcheons
An escutcheon is a plate, made of brass, wood, ivory or ebony, which fits into or over the h keyhole, to protect the edge of the timber keyhole from damage by continual insertions of the key. As a general rule you would expect these escutcheons to be sympathetic in design to the handles of the piece. From the early 19th century escutcheons were sometimes made from ivory, ebony, bone or contrasting wood, often cut in a diamond or shield shape and inlaid into the front. Ivory, in particular, will tend to discolour with age, and certainly should not show up as brilliantly white.
Espagnolette
An espagnolette is female mask with a ruff round the head and under the chin, it was a popular motif in 19th-century British and French furniture, ceramics and silver.
Essexware Pottery
Essexware pottery is a type of Australian pottery produced by Gordon and Irene Dunstan in Leura, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, from 1945 to 1976. The pottery is known for its distinctive Aboriginal-inspired designs, which were often hand-painted on a black or brown glaze.
Gordon Dunstan was a self-taught potter who learned his craft from books and magazines. He was also influenced by the work of other Australian potters of the time, such as Reginald G. Murray and Hans Coper. In 1945, Dunstan and his wife Irene established Essexware pottery in a small garage workshop behind their home in Leura.
The Dunstans were inspired by the Aboriginal art of the Blue Mountains region, and they incorporated many Aboriginal motifs into their pottery designs. They also used traditional Aboriginal techniques, such as sgraffito and burnishing. Essexware pottery was quickly recognized for its high quality and unique designs, and it became popular with collectors and tourists.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Essexware pottery was exhibited at major trade fairs and exhibitions in Australia and overseas. The Dunstans also received commissions from government agencies and private companies. In 1960, they were commissioned to produce a set of dinnerware for the Prime Minister of Australia. In 1976 Gordon and Irene Dunstan retired, and Essexware pottery ceased production.
Estelle Martin
Estelle Martin was born in 1930 in Southland, New Zealand and commenced potting as a hobby in 1957. Her talents were soon recognised and in 1963 she was selected as Exhibiting Member of Hawke’s Bay Art Gallery and Museum, and in 1964 as an Exhibiting Member of the New Zealand Society of Potters. In 1965 Estelle Martin and her husband Bruce set up a partnership named Kamaka Pottery and became full-time potter.
She made her first visit to Japan in 1978, visiting many pottery workshops and met Mr. Sanyo Fujii, and was impressed by his anagama kiln and contemporary anagama fired work. On her return to New Zealand Estelle Martin constructed her own anagama kiln from information supplied by Mr. Fujii, which had its first firing in mid 1982. The same year she visited Japan again and the following year Mr Fujii lived and worked with the Martins for seven months, instructing them in the use of anagama kilns. This resulted in a joint exhibition with Estelle Martin, Bruce Martin and Sanyo Fujii in 1984 at the Mitsukoshi Gallery of Fine Art, Osaka, Japan. Further exhibitions throughout New Zealand, China and Canada followed during the 1990s.
Estelle Martin passed away in 2001. Her work is held by the Hawke’s Bay Cultural Trust, and in private collections in New Zealand, Japan, Canada and U.K.
Etagere
A French term, used to describe a small table with several tiers. They were made in many styles and are sometimes miror-backed rather than open. The equivalent English item is the whatnot. The term is also used to describe a set of either wall-hanging, free-standing or corner shelves, designed for display of treasured objects.
Etched
Glass decorated with an etched design, which is achieved through marking out the pattern, protecting the area that is not be etched, and then immersing the object in acid to dissolve the surface of the unprotected area. With some glass objects, such as cameo glass, there may be several layers of different coloured glass, and part of the top layer is dissolved leaving the bottom layer as the background. The longer the time of exposure of the object to acid, the deeper the etching.
The word etching is also sometimes used to describe another method of decoration, where wheel grinders were used decorate the surface, but this technique is usually known as engraving.
Etling
Edmond Laurent Etling was a retailer of high quality exclusive decorative items in bronze, ceramics and glass through his Paris shop at 29 Rue de Paradis.
His company, La Societe Anonyme Edmond Etling, founded in 1909 in Paris commissioned famous sculptors and artists such as Chiparus, Godard, Colinet, Sevin and others to design items for the shop, and these were then manufactured for Etling, bearing his name.
The glass objects were made in Paris in glassworks in the Choisy-le-Roi area.
As a result of World War II, the shop closed in 1940 and being of Jewish descent, Edmond Etling was shipped to a concentration camp, and died.
Production for Etling was thus confined to the Art Deco period between the two world wars.
Etling is best known for their pale blue opalescent items, of which plates and bowls are the most common, but they also produced items in grey and frosted glass. Most had a moulded signature "ETLING FRANCE" followed by a model number.
In the 1970's Sevres began reproduction of some Etling designs, especially the female nude figurines.
Etruria
The Etruria Works was one of the ceramics factories opened by Josiah Wedgwood in 1769 on the Ridge House Estate in a district of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, which he named Etruria. The source of the name was from that given to Greek vases which at that time were thought to be from Etruria in Italy, the source of Etruscan ceramics. The factory ran for 180 years, as part of the wider Wedgwood business.
Etruscan
The Etruscans were pre-Roman people who mainly inhabited central and part of north Italy, in the area corresponding to Tuscany. The civilisation was active from around 700BC until their assimilation into the Roman Empire in around the 4th century BC.
With the increasing importance of Rome they were virtually wiped out, for Rome would not tolerate a competitive civilization. Many Etruscan rituals and aspects of their culture were taken over by Rome: Etruscan funeral games became the Roman gladiatorial combats and the science of divination came from the Etruscans.
They were also incredible craftsmen in precious metals. It was said that the famous Etruscan Sibylline books of received wisdom were burnt by Rome and that the emperor Claudius was the last person who could read Etruscan, a language that is still largely undeciphered.
Black and red figure vases attributed to the Etruscans provided the basis for the Etruscan style of furniture, decorative arts and decoration first seen in Louis XVI furniture in the 1760s, and then adapted by Robert Adam in England.
The style was characterised by the use of the red and black colourways of the vases, together with motifs such as lions, birds, sphinxes and griffins.
Josiah Wedgwood was inspired by the civilisation, and in 1769 he opened his new ceramic factory at Stoke-on-Trent, naming it "Etruria Works". Using the modeller John Flaxman, he produced wares based on what was thought at the time, to be Etruscan themes.
At the end of the 18th and in the early 19th century, Etruscan themes were seen in glass, jewellery and furniture, and in the 1820s Coalport China produced a range of wares based on the Etruscan themes.
Around that time it was discovered that the archaeological treasures attributed to the Etruscans were of Greek origin, but the description of them as "Etruscan" continued.
Etruscan Revival Style
The Etruscan revival style is based on the ancient art and architecture developed by the Etruscan civilization that lived in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd centuries BCE. In ceramics and decorative arts the Etruscan style is characterised by its ornate and intricate designs, as well as its use of vibrant colours. Etruscan pottery was often decorated with scenes from daily life, myths and legends, and animal and floral motifs, rendered in relief or painted. Etruscan metalwork, such as jewellery and vessels, also displayed a high degree of skill and sophistication, with intricate designs featuring mythical creatures and animals. Additionally, the Etruscan style is known for its use of the bucchero technique, which involved creating a black, matte surface on pottery by reducing the oxygen in the firing process. This style of decoration was widely adopted by other cultures in the ancient Mediterranean world.
Etruscan Style Jewellery
The Etruscan style is a type of ancient art and architecture developed by the Etruscan civilization that lived in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd centuries BCE. The Etruscan style in jewellery is known for its intricate and detailed designs, as well as its use of gold and other precious materials. Etruscan jewellery often featured granulation, the process of attaching small spheres of gold to the surface of a piece, creating a textured effect. Repoussé and chasing, techniques in which metal is shaped and moulded by striking it from the reverse side, were also commonly used to create relief designs on Etruscan jewelry. Common themes included animals, mythical creatures, and stylized floral and geometric motifs. The Etruscan style had a significant impact on the development of jewellery in ancient Greece and Rome and continues to influence jewellery design to this day.
Etui
A pocket sized case in use in the 18th and 19th century, usually with a hinged lid, made to store household and personal items such as sewing implements, perfume and writing sets. They were mostly made of silver, ivory, bone, hardstone, gold or enamel.and the interior is usually moulded with individual slots to accommodate each item. Their purpose was similar to a necessaire. A necessaire was designed to sit on a dressing table, and so is usually larger than an etui which was designed to be portable.
European Blanc De Chine
European blanc de chine refers to porcelain that was made in imitation of the Chinese blanc de chine, which is a type of white porcelain that originated in China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The term "blanc de chine" literally means "white from China," and it is known for its delicate, translucent appearance and smooth texture.
European blanc de chine was made in Europe, particularly in France, Germany, and Italy, by potteries such as Meissen, Herend, Wedgwood, Coalport and Rosenthal, and it often mimics the Chinese blanc de chine in its style and design. However, it is typically made using different materials and techniques to the Chinese version. European blanc de chine is typically made using a combination of kaolin, feldspar, and quartz, and it is often fired at lower temperatures than Chinese blanc de chine.
European blanc de chine became popular in the 18th century as part of the European fascination with all things Chinese, and it was often used to create decorative objects such as figurines, vases, and bowls.
Everted
An everted rim is an outwardly turning or flaring outwards rim, as seen the rims on jugs, vases, bowls and dishes.
Ewer / Pitcher
A type of jug with a narrow neck bulbous body and wide spout, originally used for carrying and storing liquids such as water or wine. In medieval times they were the source of water to wash ones hands during and after a meal. later the shape was used for vessels in silver, gold, glass and ceramics.
In Victorian times they were made in ceramics and occasionally glass with a matching basin, and sometimes other accessories such as a soap holder or toothbrush holder. Their purpose was to provide facilities for personal washing In the early 19th century were often enclosed in purpose built stands, and later resided on a washstand..
Sometimes the words "ewer" and "pitcher" are used interchangably, but a pitcher is generally considered to be a jug, and would have a wide mouth, and a gently tapering body.
Excelsior
A material made of wood shavings that looks like straw, used as a stuffing in dolls and teddy bears.
Extension Table
Also known as banquet table or sectional table. A dining table made in such a way that it can be extended or increased in size by the insertion of one or more leaves in the centre section of the table. Georgian dining tables were sometimes made in separate sections, with the two ends (known as `D' ends from their shape) able to be used as free-standing side tables.
When in use as a dining table, the individual leaves were held in place with brass clips, sometimes supported from beneath by extra legs. D-end tables were generally supported by four tapered or turned legs. Some versions were extended by the use of a drop-side table between the two end sections. The pedestal dining table of the period usually had four splay feet with brass claw or bucket castors. Three feet were not usual until the Victorian period. The legs themselves were slender and tapering in a 'gun-barrel' shape, although turned legs became heavier and more ponderous as the century progressed.
There were two major innovations to the extension table during the 19th century. In the first version, the rectangular table top rested on a series of compound slides or runners which could be pulled out by hand, allowing the insertion of additional leaves. The leaves were held in place either by small wedge-shaped pieces or, rather later, dowels. Additional legs often supported the weight of the leaves when the table was fully extended. To prevent the table opening while in use, brass clips joined the leaves, or the leaves to the ends.
The second innovation was the introduction of the screw mechanism to extension tables. Rather than being pulled out manually, the slides were wound out by a crank handle. Very occasionally, extension tables were made with rests beneath the table top to store the leaves when not in use. Some tables were made with a separate leaf cabinets. The screw mechanism is common on most late Victorian and Edwardian tables, some of which could accommodate twenty diners or more when fully extended.