Learn about antiques and collectables...
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Learn about and understand the items, manufacturers, designers and periods as well as the specialist terms used in describing antiques and collectables. Either click one of the letters below to list the items beginning with that letter, or click on a category on the left side of the screen to list the items under that category.
F & W Goebel Porcelain
The F & W Goebel porcelain works was founded in 1871 by Franz Detleff Goebel and his son William, but it wasn't until 1879 that they fired up their first kiln. By 1900, the company had grown to approximately 400 employees and was one of the largest firms in the region producing porcelain dinnerware pieces. William changed the company name to W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik and expanded the product lines to include figurines, dolls, lamps, candy dishes, and vases. In 1926, the company produced its most popular range of figurines, M.I. Hummel, based on the artwork of a Franciscan Sister, Maria Innocentia Hummel, and this set the stage for the company's success.
After Franz's death, Max Louis Goebel took over the company and successfully expanded the market for its products at home and abroad by establishing relationships with contemporary artists and increasing the number of master sculptors. During World War II, the company was only allowed to export M.I. Hummel figurines. After the war, Goebel experienced remarkable expansion and evolution, modernizing its factory while still maintaining its handcrafting and hand painting traditions.
In the 1950s, Goebel experimented with the production of toys, leading to the opening of a new factory in 1967 specifically focused on toy production. In 1952, Franz Goebel met with Walt Disney, resulting in a successful line of figurines and collectibles based on Disney characters. The company continued to expand through the 1960s and set up a sales organization in the United States in 1968.
In 1971, the company celebrated its centennial year, and the popularity of Goebel products, especially the M.I. Hummel figurines, continued to surge. The Goebel Collectors Club was formed in 1977, renamed in 1989 to the M.I. Hummel Club, reflecting the overwhelming level of attention the M.I. Hummel figurines were attracting. The collectors club soon became an important channel for the company's promotional and marketing efforts.
F. J. Mole & Co.
Frederick James Mole was born in England in 1879. He apprenticed as a silversmith in London before emigrating to Australia in 1909. In 1913, he founded F. J. Mole & Co. in Brisbane a silversmith company. The company specialises in the production of high-quality silver ware, including flatware, hollow ware, and trophies.
The company quickly became one of the leading silversmiths in Australia. Mole's designs were simple and elegant, and his work was known for its high quality. The company's custom made silver trophies and other products were often commissioned by businesses and organizations, and their ware were also sold to private customers.
Although no longer in the family's ownership, F. J. Mole & Co. continues to operate.
Faberge
Faberge is a famous jewellery and art company that was founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1842 by Gustav Faberge. The company is best known for its luxurious and intricate Faberge eggs, which were created as Easter gifts for the Russian royal family. Each egg was a unique and elaborate work of art, often made of precious metals and decorated with diamonds, gems, and other precious materials.
Under the direction of Gustav's son, Peter Carl Faberge, the company became one of the leading jewelry houses in Europe and was known for its exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company produced a wide range of jewellery, objets d'art, and other decorative items for a wealthy and discerning clientele.
However, the Russian Revolution of 1917 brought an end to the reign of the Romanovs and the fortunes of Faberge. The company was nationalized and its assets were seized, and the Faberge family was forced to flee the country. The company struggled in the decades that followed and eventually went bankrupt.
The Faberge name is associated with a legacy of exquisite craftsmanship and design, and Faberge eggs and other pieces continue to be highly sought after by collectors and art enthusiasts.
Faceting
Faceting is a technique of removing material from a curved surface, to give a series of flat surfaces but retaining the profile of the original surface.
The technique is most commonly associated with diamond cutting where the various cuts used such as rose cut and brilliant cut, add life and sparkle to the stone, whilst at the same time removing as little of the stone as possible.
Faceting by grinding is also used to decorate glass. The stems of many drinking glasses are decorated by cutting a series of flat surfaces on a circular stem, and hollow vessels such as vases may have faceted surfaces.
In furniture faceting is often applied to legs of tables and chairs, where a circular baluster shaped section is flattened so as to form an octagonal section.
Factice
In the nineteenth century a lady possessed her own scent bottle which was refilled by the pharmacist or perfumier as required.
With the advent of perfume being sold in bottles produced by the manufacturers, there arose the need to market the product, and thus a marketing version of each scent bottle was required. These bottles are known as factices, and they are generally loaned to the store by the manufacturer for display, and then returned.
They are usually replicas of the product they represent, but in many cases are 10 or 20 times larger so they catch the eye of the customer.
A factice is not usually filled with perfume but with a substitute such as coloured water.
Faience / Maolica
Originating in ancient Egypt, faience is the name given to tin-enamelled porcelain or earthenware, deriving its name from Faenza in Northern Italy. Also known as maiolica because at one time the wares passed through Majorca. In England, faience / maoilca underwent a revival in the late 19th century by the art potteries set up about that time.
Majolica was the name given to a specific product evolved by Minton in 1851 and introduced at the Great Exhibition. The pottery was coloured with a clear glaze containing metallic oxides.
Fairfax & Roberts
Fairfax & Roberts is Australia's oldest established jeweller. The company was founded in 1858 by Richard Lamb and Alfred Fairfax, and is still owned and operated by the Fairfax family today. Richard Lamb was an optician and jeweller who set up shop in Sydney in 1826. In 1858, he was joined by Alfred Fairfax, a member of the wealthy Fairfax newspaper dynasty. Together, they established Fairfax & Roberts as Sydney's first emporium for fine silver and watchmaking.
The company quickly became a success, and by the late 19th century it was one of the most prestigious jewellery businesses in Australia. Fairfax & Roberts was known for its high quality craftsmanship and its wide range of products, including jewellery, silverware, watches, and objets d'art. The company continued to grow and prosper throughout the 20th century. In 1939, it moved to its current location on Castlereagh Street in Sydney's CBD. In the 1950s, Fairfax & Roberts became one of the first Australian jewellers to offer a full range of diamond jewellery.
Fairfax & Roberts is still operating and is one of Australia's leading jewellery retailers.
Fairing
A fairing is a decorative porcelain figure, often in the form of a miniature statue or figurine made in Staffordshire or by Conta & Bohne of Possneck Eastern Germany. Fairings were originally produced as inexpensive gifts or souvenirs, and sold or given away as prizes at fairs or as prizes at carnivals. They were often made of porcelain, a type of fine, white clay that is fired at high temperatures to produce a hard, vitrified material. Porcelain fairings typically depict people, animals, or scenes from daily life, and were highly prized for their delicate beauty and intricate detailing.
Fairy Lamps / Night Lights
Fairy lamps were popular from the 1880s in Victorian Britain. They consist of a glass or porcelain dome, resting on an oversize base, inside which a slow burning candle is placed.
The best known maker was Samuel Clarke, a candle manufacturer based in Cricklewood, Greater London. The lamps were his method of selling more candles. Clarke's fairy lamps came in three sizes Wee, Pyramid & Fairy. The lamps themselves were manufactures by the leading ceramics and glass manufacturers of the time including Royal Worcester, Royal Doulton Thomas Webb and Stevens & Williams. In addition to fairy lamps, Clarke advertised elaborate chandeliers and table epergnes.
In the late 1890’s Clarke patented the “Cricklite” style of candle lamp with clear glass domes to which shades could be added.
The Clarke Candle Company was sold in 1910 to the Price Candle Company.
Falcon Ware
Falcon Ware was a British ceramics manufacturer founded in 1892 by Thomas Lawrence in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent but the trade name 'Falcon Ware' did not come into use until 1944. 'Made in England' was added in 1947. The company specialized in bone china tableware, and its products were known for their high quality and elegant designs.
In 1938, Falcon Ware was acquired by Shaw & Copestake, another British ceramics manufacturer. The two companies merged to form Falcon-Shaw & Copestake, and the new company continued to produce Falcon Ware under the same name.
The most popular Falcon Ware designs include the "Falcon Bird" pattern, which features a stylized bird design in blue and white; the "Peacock" pattern, which features a colorful peacock design in blue, green, and yellow and the "Willow Pattern", which is a classic Chinese design that has been popular for centuries
Falcon Ware continued to be a successful company for many years, but it eventually faced competition from foreign manufacturers. The company was sold in the 1980s and production of Falcon Ware was discontinued.
Fall Front
Furniture with a hinged flap, usually associated with desks and secretaires, that opens or 'falls' to provide a flat writing surface. The flap may be supported by chains or brass quadrants and rest on wooden supports or runners, known as lopers, that pull out from a recess in either side of the piece. The interior of a fall-front desk is usually fitted with small drawers and pigeonholes.
Famille
The four famille colors used to decorate Chinese porcelain have a long and rich history in Chinese art and culture.
- Famille Verte: This style of porcelain decoration originated during the Kangxi period (1662-1722) and became popular during the late Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). Famille Verte porcelain is characterized by its use of vibrant green, yellow, and black enamels. It was typically used to decorate smaller items such as vases, tea sets, and figurines.
- Famille Rose: Famille Rose porcelain is a more recent development, appearing in the early 18th century. It is characterized by its use of pink, red, and gold enamels. This style was popular among the Chinese elite and was used to decorate larger pieces, such as vases, jars, and other decorative items.
- Famille Jaune: Famille Jaune porcelain is also known as Yellow Ground porcelain and is characterized by its use of yellow enamels. It first appeared in the late 17th century and became popular during the Kangxi period. This style was used to create intricate designs and gilding, and was often used to decorate vases, bowls, and other decorative items.
- Famille Noire: Famille Noire porcelain is characterized by its use of black enamels and is known for its striking contrast between the black enamels and the gold or red highlights in the designs. This style became popular in the late 17th century and was used to decorate a variety of items, including vases, bowls, and figurines.
These four famille colors have been used for hundreds of years to decorate Chinese porcelain and are considered to be some of the most recognizable and well-known styles in Chinese art and culture.
Fans
Fans were first used in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Many of the more intricate ones carried concealed knives or stilettos, as it was often dangerous to walk alone after nightfall or in a dark alley, especially in Renaissance Italy. Fans were of course functional, serving to keep off flies, shield one from the heat of a fire, or create a current of fresh air. Gradually, fans became an almost essential accessory for the fashionable, and no skill or expense was spared in their design and manufacture.
At the beginning of the 19th century, fans were considered an indispensable dress accessory for ladies attending balls and other functions. Three major types of fan were in use at that time.
Folding fans, the most common, consisted of leaves mounted on sticks which were joined at the foot. Paper was used in the cheaper fans, but parchment, made from the skin of young turkeys or silk were preferred in the more expensive varieties. The leaves were richly gilded and painted, often with Neo-classical motifs and scenery spreading across the leaves, so that they presented a panoramic effect when the fan was fully-extended. Some were made of lace, allowing the lacemakers of France, Brussels and Nottingham to display their skills, The ribs and guards were made of exotic woods or ivory, embellished with tortoiseshell, silver or gold mountings. Mother-of-pearl and boulle inlays were fashionable, and semi-precious stones and pearls were also favoured, especially in fans decorated in the Art Nouveau style.
The brise fan, in which the leaves were replaced by broad-bladed sticks held in place by a ribbon threaded through slots at the broad end, was also popular at this time, and the broader surface of the sticks afforded greater scope for Art Nouveau decoration.
The fashion for all things oriental included Japonaiserie open fans with broad leaves of parchment painted in oriental styles.
Because of their fragile nature, fans are often damaged: the fabric or other material has started to rot, the tassels are missing, or the ivory or shell is cracked.
Farmhouse Table
A general term used to describe a substantial, solid and practical kitchen table, often with one or more drawers. There are many variants in oak, elm, pine and fruitwoods. Rarely if ever polished or varnished, the top was kept scrubbed spotlessly clean. Generally rectangular in shape, the farmhouse table may have X-shaped, turned, square or tapering legs, sometimes in a different timber to the top gum, cedar and blackwood were used in Australia. The more desirable and early examples have a stretcher base. Together with the kitchen dresser, and matching chairs they will contribute to a most useful and comforting country kitchen.
Farnell & Co.
Farnell & Co were a British toy and doll manufacturer founded in Notting Hill London in 1840 and were in operation until their closure in 1968. The company was known for producing high-quality dolls and toys, many of which were sold worldwide. Some of its most popular products included teddy bears covered with mohair and rabbit skin, dolls, and mechanical toys. The company's toys and dolls are now considered collectible items and are highly sought after by collectors.
Fauteuil
A wide and deep easy chair, with upholstered back and seat, but with open arms, sometimes padded on top. The ends of the arms were frequently carved with scrolls, lions' heads and so on. The style was developed in France in the late 17th or early 18th centuries, but was taken up by the English cabinetmakers, such as Chippendale, who described them as 'French chairs'.
Faux
A French word meaning "false", but when used in decorative arts, the intention is not to deceive, but to simulate the decorative effects of the more expensive material it is imitating. The term " faux bois" meaning "false wood" refers to a furniture item that has been decorated with a marked grain (woodgrain finish) to imitate a more expensive timber.
Faux Bamboo
Faux in French means "artificial" or "imitation", so faux bamboo is imitation bamboo. The wood was turned, notched and painted to look like bamboo. It was a popular design feature in the Regency period and can be seen on many "Chinese Chippendale" pieces.
Influenced by the growing trade with China, the style reached its peak with the Prince Regent's Royal Pavilion at Brighton, designed by John Nash, and built between 1817 and 1822.
Favrile
Favrile glass is a type of iridescent art glass, similar to some of the Roman glass that has been excavated after being buried for centuries. It was developed by Louis Comfort Tiffany in 1892, patented in 1894 and the first itmes were produced in 1896. It differs from most iridescent glasses because the colour is ingrained in the glass itself, instead of being sprayed onto the surface while the glass was molten, as with Carnival glass.
The most common items manufactured by Tiffany in favrile glass were vases.
The glass was imitated by Loetz and other Bohemian manufacturers.
Fdb Mobler
FDB Møbler was founded in 1942 by the Danish cooperative FDB (Forenede Boligselskaber), with the goal of producing high-quality, affordable furniture for the Danish people. The company's first director was Frederik Nielsen, who had a strong belief in the importance of good design. The business became known for its modern, functional furniture, which was designed by some of the leading Danish designers of the mid-century period, including Børge Mogensen, Hans J. Wegner, and Poul Kjærholm. These designers were inspired by the principles of Scandinavian design, which emphasized simplicity, functionality, and natural materials.
The company soon became one of the leading furniture manufacturers in Denmark due to the success of its designs, and its products were exported all over the world. The company continued to produce furniture until 1980, when it was forced to close due to financial difficulties. However, in 2013, FDB Møbler was relaunched, and it is now once again producing high-quality, affordable furniture inspired by the company's mid-century heritage.
Feather Banding
Inlaid banding found on the edges of tables, drawers and other items, where two strips of veneer are laid at right angles to each other, but at 45 degrees to the perimeter of the edge, to give a herringbone effect.
Feather Edge
A feather edge on a silver item refers to a decorative border that is created by using a series of thin, closely spaced lines that resemble the feathers of a bird. The feather edge design, first applied in Britain circa 1765, is often applied to the edges or rims of silver plates, bowls, or other hollow ware to create a decorative border. It's a common design element in antique and vintage silver items and is also used on modern pieces. The feather edge is created by hand, using a specialized tool called a burin, and is often combined with other decorative elements, such as engraving or chasing, to create a unique and ornate design.
Federation Chairs
Wooden cottage chairs, with spindle backs, featuring Australian motifs pressed into the top rail. The three most common designs were: the kangaroo back with banksia flowers (registered number 252), the emu back with ferns and gum flowers (registered number 253), the lyrebird back with ferns and the Sturt desert pea (registered number 254). There is a fourth design featuring the Australian coat of arms, but this is very scarce.
The Melbourne Chair Company, which manufactured many types of kitchen and office chairs, is still in business under the trade name Melchair Pty Ltd. The so-called Federation chairs were made from about 1906 until the 1930s, although reproductions are now on the market, including carver and high chairs. Some of the original machines in fact are still in use, but the dies used to press the famous backs have been replaced.
Tasmanian blackwood was used for the turned legs and spindles, the seats were usually of kauri pine, sometimes saddled, sometimes caned, and the backs were pressed from hoop pine. When finished, the chairs were dipped in varnish. Essentially based on the American mass production techniques, Federation chairs have become sought after by most collectors of Australiana.
Federation Period
The Federation style in architecture and furniture is broadly the Australian equivalent of the English Edwardian period and extended from 1890 to 1915. The name relates to Australia becoming a Federation in 1901, when the colonies became the Commonwealth of Australia.
Feldspar (glaze on Porcelain)
A feldspar glaze on porcelain is made from feldspar, a mineral that when melted and mixed with other ingredients creates a glossy, glass-like coating. When applied to porcelain, the feldspar glaze provides a hard, durable and protective surface that is resistant to wear, staining and other forms of damage. Additionally, feldspar glazes can also enhance the appearance of porcelain by creating a smooth, even surface with a range of colours and finishes.
Felt Dolls
In the 20th century, European doll manufacturers, began making felt dolls, following the traditional techniques and styles of felt doll making. They were often produced in large quantities using mass-production methods and were sold in stores and markets throughout Europe and beyond. The felt dolls produced by these manufacturers were often designed to appeal to children and were made in a variety of styles, including dolls that represented traditional folk characters, fairytale characters, and everyday people. The dolls were usually made from high-quality felt, which was carefully cut and sewn to create lifelike features, such as eyes, hair, and clothing. The felt dolls produced by European manufacturers in the 20th century were usually well made, and many are now highly sought after by collectors.
Feltex New Zealand Themed Carpets
Feltex Carpets (originally Felt and Textiles Limited) was founded in Australia in 1921 and expanded into New Zealand in 1929. Feltex began producing rugs featuring New Zealand landmarks such as the Auckland Harbour bridge, Mitre Peak, Mt. Egmont and Mt Cook which became very popular in New Zealand in the 1960s.
Feltex's New Zealand themed carpets were part of a broader movement in the 1960s and 1970s towards a greater appreciation and celebration of that country's culture and history and geography, as well as the desire to promote a distinctively New Zealand identity.
The carpets were widely used in a variety of settings, including hotels, government buildings, and private homes. They were prized for their beauty, durability, and the sense of cultural connection that they provided.
The legacy of their New Zealand themed carpets lives on, as they remain an important part of New Zealand's cultural heritage and history.
Fender Guitars
Fender guitars was founded by Leo Fender in Fullerton, California, in 1946. Fender had already established himself as an inventor and businessman in the music industry by creating amplifiers for musicians. However, he saw a need for a solid-body electric guitar that could produce a louder, clearer sound than traditional hollow-body guitars.
Fender's first guitar, the Telecaster (originally called the Broadcaster), was introduced in 1950 and quickly gained popularity among guitarists. It was followed by the Stratocaster in 1954, which became even more popular due to its sleek design and versatile sound. Both of these guitars helped to define the sound of rock and roll music and have been played by some of the most famous guitarists in history, such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, and Buddy Holly.
In addition to the Telecaster and Stratocaster, Fender also introduced other iconic models such as the Precision Bass (1951) and Jazz Bass (1960), which revolutionized the way bass players approached their instrument. Fender also acquired other brands over the years, such as Gretsch and Jackson, expanding its range of products.
Fender has remained a major player in the guitar industry, and its instruments are still widely used by musicians around the world. The company has also introduced new technologies and innovations over the years, such as the Fender Rhodes electric piano, the Fender Rhodes Chroma synthesizer, and the Fender Vibro-King amplifier. Fender continues to be a major influence on music and culture, and its guitars and other instruments remain highly sought after.
Over the years, Fender has continued to innovate and expand its product line. The company has introduced numerous new models, such as the Jaguar, Jazzmaster, and Mustang, as well as bass guitars like the Precision and Jazz Bass. Fender has also developed a range of amplifiers, effects pedals, and other accessories for guitar players.
Fendi
Fendi is an Italian luxury fashion house producing fur, ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, fragrances, eyewear, timepieces and accessories. Founded in Rome in 1925, Fendi is known for its fur, fur accessories, and leather goods. Since 2001, Fendi has been part of the “Fashion & Leather Goods” division of French group LVMH. Its headquarters are in Rome, in the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana.
The history of Fendi handbags and purses can be traced back to the early days of the company. In 1925, Adele Fendi opened a small fur and leather goods shop in Rome. Her five daughters, Paola, Anna, Franca, Carla, and Alda, soon joined the business and helped to transform it into a global fashion brand.
In the 1960s, Fendi hired Karl Lagerfeld as its creative director. Lagerfeld was a visionary designer who helped to modernize the company's image and introduce new lines of products, including handbags and purses. Under Lagerfeld's leadership, Fendi became one of the most popular luxury brands in the world.
Some of the most iconic Fendi handbags and purses include the Baguette, the Peekaboo, and the First. The Baguette was introduced in 1997 and quickly became a favourite among celebrities and fashion icons. The Peekaboo was introduced in 2000 and is known for its unique design, which features a hidden closure. The First was introduced in 2015 and is a more modern take on the classic Fendi handbag.
Fendi handbags and purses remain some of the most popular luxury items in the world. They are known for their high quality, stylish design, and Italian craftsmanship and are a symbol of luxury and sophistication.
Fenton Art Glass Company
Fenton Art Glass Co. was an American glass manufacturer founded in 1905 by Frank L. Fenton and his brother John W. Fenton in Williamstown, West Virginia. The company was known for producing high-quality handcrafted glassware, including vases, bowls, lamps, and figurines.
In its early years, Fenton produced a range of glass items, including iridescent glass, carnival glass, and opalescent glass. However, the company became best known for its innovative use of color in glass, particularly its signature "milk glass" or opaque glass, which was produced in a variety of hues.
Over the years, Fenton Art Glass Co. faced challenges from changing consumer tastes and economic pressures. In the 1930s, the company shifted its focus to producing more affordable glassware, including depression glass, which was mass-produced and sold at a lower price point.
Despite these challenges, Fenton Art Glass Co. remained a beloved brand for collectors and glass enthusiasts. The company continued to innovate with new designs and techniques, and its pieces were highly prized for their beauty and craftsmanship.
In 2011, Fenton Art Glass Co. closed its doors due to financial difficulties, marking the end of an era in American glassmaking. However, the company's legacy lives on, and its pieces continue to be highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts around the world.
Fenton Art Glass was founded in 1905 by brothers Frank L. and John W. Fenton. They began their business In Martins Ferry, Ohio, by painting decorations on glassware made by nearby manufacturers. Prompted in part by the desire to work with a broader range of colours, the brothers soon decided to produce their own glass, and opened the Fenton Art Glass factory in Williamstown, West Virginia in 1907. Fenton introduced "iridescent ware" later that same year. Now known as "Carnival" glass, it remains a popular collectible item today.
Frank L. Fenton's love of color and his admiration for glass artisans like those at Tiffany and Steuben helped keep Fenton Art Glass in the forefront of the handmade art glass industry for the next few decades, but during the Depression Era and the early years of World War II, Fenton also produced practical items such as mixing bowls and perfume bottles.
In its early years, Fenton produced a range of glass items, including iridescent glass, carnival glass, and opalescent glass. However, the company became best known for its innovative use of colour in glass, particularly its signature "milk glass" or opaque glass, which was produced in a variety of hues.
Over the years, Fenton Art Glass Co. faced challenges from changing consumer tastes and economic pressures. In the 1930s, the company shifted its focus to producing more affordable glassware, including depression glass, which was mass-produced and sold at a lower price point.
By the late 1940s, a new generation of Fentons was running the company. Brothers Frank M. and Wilmer C. (Bill) Fenton would lead the Fenton factory through significant growth for the next 30 years. In 1986, George W. Fenton, Frank's son and a third-generation family member, became president of the company.
Traditional glassmaking ceased in 2011 and the Fenton Art Glass Company property was sold in 2017. Fenton Art Glass Company was the largest manufacturer of handmade coloured glass in the United States and was among the foremost glass manufacturers in the world.
Ferdinand Barbedienne
Ferdinand Barbedienne, (1810-92) is mostly known for his bronze foundry, which he owned with Achille Collas in 1839 who had invented a method for mechanical size reduction of larger sculptures.
His first castings were reduced versions of antique statues from European museums, and in the mid 1840s began reproducing the work of living sculptors including the animalier sculptor, Antoine Louis Barye and later in the 19th century Auguste Rodin.
On the death of Achille Collas in 1859, Ferdinand Barbedienne became the sole proprietor of the business which at that time employed 300 workers. His work was held in high regard, and he was elected President of the Reunion of Bronze Makers in 1865, a position he held for the next 20 years.
Ferdinand Barbedienne died in 1891 and the business taken over by his nephew Gustave Leblanc who continued the foundry with the high standards set by Barbedienne.
The business closed in 1954.
Works from the foundry are most commonly marked 'Fondeur F. Barbedienne' or similar.
Ferdinand Preiss
Ferdinand Preiss (1882-1963) was a German-born sculptor who lived and worked in France for most of his career. He is best known for his Art Deco sculptures, which often featured stylized animals and figures.
Preiss was born in Erbach im Odenwald, Germany, in 1882. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Offenbach am Main and the Académie Julian in Paris. In 1908, he opened his own studio in Paris.
Preiss's early work was influenced by the Jugendstil movement, which was popular in Germany and Austria at the turn of the 20th century. His sculptures from this period are characterized by their flowing lines and organic forms.
In the 1920s, Preiss's style began to change. He was influenced by the Art Deco movement, which was characterized by its geometric forms and stylized ornamentation. Preiss's Art Deco sculptures often featured stylized animals and figures, such as his famous "Dog" and "Cat" sculptures.
Preiss's work was exhibited in major galleries and museums around the world. He won numerous awards for his work, including the Grand Prix at the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.
Preiss continued to work until his death in 1963. His work is still admired and collected by people all over the world.
Ferdinand Preiss was a talented sculptor who made significant contributions to the Art Deco movement and is considered one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century.
Fernand Martin
Fernand Martin was a French tin toy manufacturer who produced a variety of mechanical toys in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born in Paris in 1847 and began working as a toymaker in the 1870s, founding his own factory in 1880.
Martin's toys were known for their high quality, intricate details, and mechanical movements. Many of his designs were inspired by everyday activities, such as cooking, washing, and playing sports. Martin's toys were often designed to move and perform actions, such as a chef stirring a pot or a washerwoman scrubbing clothes.
His toys became very popular in France and throughout Europe, and he established his own toy factory in Paris in the 1890s. He produced a wide variety of toys, including cars, boats, trains, and even an early version of a robotic dog. Martin's toys were particularly popular with children, and they were often featured in children's books and magazines.
Martin's toy company continued to produce toys until the 1930s, when the economic depression and the rise of plastic toys caused a decline in demand for tin toys. Fernand Martin's toys are considered to be important examples of early mechanical toys.
Ferragamo
Salvatore Ferragamo was born in 1898 in Bonito, a small town in southern Italy. He was the youngest of 13 children. Ferragamo's father was a shoemaker, and Salvatore began learning the trade at a young age. In 1914, he moved to the United States to pursue his dream of becoming a shoe designer.
Ferragamo worked in a number of shoe factories in Boston and New York City. He soon became known for his innovative designs and his use of high-quality materials. In 1927, he opened his own shoemaking shop in Florence, Italy.
Ferragamo's shoes were an instant success. He quickly became a favourite among Hollywood stars and other celebrities. His shoes were known for their comfort, their style, and their craftsmanship. Ferragamo also patented a number of innovative shoemaking techniques, including the use of cork and rubber soles.
In the 1950s, Ferragamo began to expand his business. He opened stores in major cities around the world, and he began to produce a wider range of products, including handbags, belts, and jewellery. Ferragamo also began to license his brand to other companies, and his products became available in a wider range of stores.
Ferragamo died in 1960, but his company continued to grow and expand. Today, Ferragamo is one of the most successful luxury goods brands in the world. The company produces a wide range of products, including shoes, handbags, belts, jewellery, and fragrances. Ferragamo products are known for their high quality, their stylish design, and their Italian heritage.
Fiam Italia
Fiam Italia is an Italian furniture manufacturer founded in 1973 by Vittorio Livi. The company is known for its innovative use of curved glass in furniture design.
Livi was born in 1939 in a small town in the Veneto region of Italy. He studied industrial design at the Politecnico di Milano and then worked as a designer for several furniture companies. In 1973, he founded Fiam Italia with the goal of creating furniture that was both beautiful and functional.
Initially, the company produced mirrors and mirrored furniture, which were in high demand during that period. Their mirrors often featured bevelled edges and artistic designs. In the 1980s, Fiam Italia expanded its product range to include glass tables and chairs. They became pioneers in the use of curved glass and other innovative techniques, pushing the boundaries of what was possible with glass furniture.
In the 2000s, Fiam Italia collaborated with renowned designers and architects, such as Philippe Starck, Enzo Mari, Patricia Urquiola, Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec, Antonio Citterio and Ron Arad, to create unique glass furniture pieces, including tables, chairs, lamps, and mirrors. Some of Fiam Italia's iconic pieces include the Ghost Chair designed by Cini Boeri, the Caadre Mirror by Philippe Starck, and the LLLT Coffee Table by Ron Arad.
Fiam Italia's furniture is known for its sleek, minimalist design and its use of high-quality materials. The company's products are sold in over 60 countries and are exhibited in some of the world's leading design museums. In addition to its furniture, Fiam Italia also produces a line of curved glass objects, such as vases, bowls, and sculptures. These objects are often used in interior design projects to add a touch of luxury and elegance.
Fiddle Pattern
The fiddle pattern is one of the most popular and enduring designs in antique silver flatware. It was first introduced in the early 19th century and quickly became a favourite among collectors and enthusiasts. It was created by a number of different manufacturers, but it is often attributed to the silversmith William Eley, who was known for his work with the fiddle pattern.
The fiddle pattern features a narrow, slightly curved handle with a pointed tip, which resembles the shape of a violin or fiddle. The pattern is characterized by its simplicity and elegance, with a timeless design that has remained popular for over two centuries.
The design of the fiddle pattern was influenced by the prevailing trends of the time, which emphasized simplicity and functionality. The narrow, curved handle made the flatware easy to hold and use, while the pointed tip added a touch of elegance and sophistication.
The popularity of the fiddle pattern quickly spread beyond England and became a favourite in other parts of Europe and America. It was especially popular in America during the mid-19th century, where it was produced by a number of prominent silverware manufacturers.
One of the most famous American manufacturers of fiddle pattern flatware was Tiffany & Co., which began producing its own version of the pattern in the mid-19th century. Tiffany & Co.'s fiddle pattern flatware was known for its exceptional quality and craftsmanship, and it remains highly sought after by collectors today.
The popularity of the fiddle pattern continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, but it began to decline in the mid-20th century as new patterns and designs became more popular.
Fiddleback
A name given to the pattern of the grain in some timbers, where the lines of the grain are compressed and at the same time wavy. Fiddleback grain is prized as a timber for furniture and musical instruments, and is expensive becasue of its scarcity.
In Australia fiddleback graining is found in blackwood. Other non-native timbers that are sometimes found with a fiddleback grain are mahogany and maple.
Fielded Panel
A recessed panel, where the outer edges have been bevelled or chamfered. The central section of the panel is thus raised or 'fielded'. The field may follow a variety of shapes square, rectangular, rounded or shield shaped. Fielded panels are found on many cabinet doors made over the past several centuries. On some chests, the drawer fronts may also be fielded
Figured
A descriptive term to describe the patterns in the grain of timber. An object may be described as "well figured" or "highly figured" if the grain on a section of the object is highly patterned, as with flame mahogany or burr walnut.
Filigrana
In glassmaking, filigrana involves fusing fine threads of coloured glass into clear glass to create intricate patterns. This can be done using a variety of techniques, including blowing, moulding, or casting. The result is a glass object with delicate, intricate designs that have a subtle and elegant appearance.
Filigree Work - Decorative Arts
Delicate decorations using fine threads of ceramics, glass or other materials to give a lace-like effect, attached together and applied as an ornament.
Filigree Work - Jewels
Filigree is delicate and intricate ornamental metal-work made from thin threads of gold or silver, soldered and twisted together to give the effect of lace. The filigree work may be freestanding, or attached to the surface of an object.
Finger Vase
A vase with five tubular holders like the fingers on a hand. They were made in the 17th century in Delft, in the 18th century in stoneware, and in the 20th century as an art deco novelty vase. There is also a glass version which has a single well for flowers, and five solid fingers forming the circular rim.
Finial
An architectural decoration, found on the upper parts of of an object. On furniture they are usually found on pediments, canopies and shelf supports. On smaller ceramic or silver items, such as spoons, they may decorate the top of the item itself, or the lid or cover where they provide a useful handle for removal.
Finials have a variety of shapes and forms. They may be urn-shaped, baluster shaped round or spiral, but usually taper into an upper point. Many real life shapes may also be used as finials, such as pineapples, berries, pinecones, buds, lotus and acorns. Sometimes animals such as a lion are depicted, or fish and dolphins.
Finn Juhl
Finn Juhl (1912-1989) was a Danish architect, interior and industrial designer, most known for his furniture design. He was one of the leading figures in the creation of Danish design in the 1940s and he was the designer who introduced Danish modern to America. He was born in Frederiksberg, Denmark, but his mother died soon after he was born. He was raised by his father and grandmother, who encouraged his interest in art and history.
Despite his father's wishes for him to pursue a more traditional career path, Juhl decided to study architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. He graduated in 1934 and immediately began working for the prominent Danish architect Vilhelm Lauritzen. While at Lauritzen's studio, Juhl worked on major projects such as the Danish Broadcasting House and Copenhagen Airport.
He also began to explore furniture design, and his first pieces were exhibited at the Cabinetmakers' Guild exhibitions in the late 1930s. In 1937, he designed his first piece of furniture, the "Egyptian Chair," which showcased his innovative approach to form and materials. This piece marked the beginning of his influential career in furniture design. One of Juhl's most iconic works is the "Chieftain Chair" (or "FJ 49"), which he designed in 1949. This lounge chair featured sculptural, curvilinear forms, and it remains a symbol of mid-century modern design today.
Juhl's furniture designs were popular with critics and the public alike. They were known for their sculptural forms, elegant lines, and use of rich materials such as rosewood, teak, and leather. Juhl's designs were also notable for their attention to detail and craftsmanship. In the 1950s, his furniture began to attract international attention. He exhibited his work at the Triennale di Milano and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His furniture was also featured in major magazines such as Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.
Juhl's furniture was particularly popular in the United States, where it was seen as a symbol of modern and sophisticated living. His designs were embraced by celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe and Frank Sinatra, and they were featured in films such as "Designing Woman" and "Mad Men."
Juhl continued to design furniture until his death in 1989. Juhl's designs are also notable for their attention to detail and craftsmanship. Juhl's furniture is still highly regarded today, and his pieces are considered to be among the most iconic examples of mid-century modern design.
Fire Dogs / Andirons / Chenets
Fire dogs, the popular name for andirons and chenets, are metal supports for logs in the fireplace, usually standing with two feet at the front and one at the back. They hold the wood above the hearth level allowing the air to pass around it to facilitate burning. Until the beginning of the 15th century they were made of wrought iron, and after this date were made in cast iron or steel, often with decorative brass embellishments.
Fire Fender
A fire fender is a low metal guard, standing on and usually following the perimeter of the hearth, its purpose being to prevent firewood and other fuel from rolling out of the fireplace into the room.
Fire Gilding
Fire gilding is a process used in metalworking in which an amalgam of mercury and gold is applied to an object and then exposed to heat to vaporize the mercury and leave the gold behind in a thin layer. Fire gilding also is applicable to plating silver, copper, and copper alloys.
Fire Grates
A fire grate is a basket with bars to contain the fuel, either coal when coal became the main type of fuel in the early 18th century in England, or wood in Australia. The basket was on legs, with the gap between the base of the basket and the hearth to allow the air to circulate under the fire. Early examples were of iron, and plain, but as the century progressed the grate became increasingly ornate, often embossed and with shaped legs, with additions of brass and burnished steel. During the 19th century elaborate cast-iron grates were made, often with brass extras and finials.
Fire Irons / Fire Tools
A set of tools, usually of steel or brass, for maintaining a fire and cleaning a fireplace. The set will usuallly consist of 3 or 4 items, sometimes on a matching vertical stand, comprising a shovel, tongs, poker and sometimes a brush.
Fire Screen
Firesceeens take various forms, with their purpose being to shield occupants of a room from the heat of the flames of a fire. They were in use from the Middle Ages until the demise of the open fire as the main form of heating during the 20th century. For protective purposes the most effective type of firescreen is made from metal such as brass with decorative grille, which follows the outline of the hearth. However these are a 20th century inventions, and prior to this firescreen were largely made from wood.
Another type of firescreen is the polescreen, which consists of a frame on a pole, with a tripod base. The frames were usually heavily carved and often enclosed a tapestry or beaded panel. The height of the screen could be adjusted to suit the user by sliding the screen up or down the pole to protect the face.
A framed screen on legs that approximated the site of the fireplace is another type of firescreen. This type of screen was usually placed in front of the fireplace when it was not in use, to hide the untidyness of the hearth. The frames of these screens were often gilded or heavily carved and polished and the frame may contain a painted panel or tapestry. A variant of this type of screen had sliding panels to each side that extended the width of the screen.
The flat brass firescreens, pressed with embossed pictures of ships, dogs and Queen Elizabeth I, are a 20th century innovation, dating from the 1920s and 1930s.
Fireplace
A fire surround, made of timber, marble or cast iron. Often architectural in concept and execution, they may feature pilasters, volutes, shaped cornices and so on, usually surmounted by a large mirror or over mantel. Cast iron fire grates were introduced from the mid-18th century. Early versions were usually free standing, but late Victorian and Edwardian fireplaces were often equipped with cast-iron and tiled grates intended to fit exactly the fire surround opening. The cast-iron backplates reflected heat back into the room.
Firing Crack
A firing crack is a crack in a porcelain or stoneware item that occurs whilst the item is in the kiln.They are usually caused by faulty design, where one part is thicker than the surrounding area, and being thicker it cools more slowly, setting up a stress with the surrounding area. Firing cracks are not often seen on modern mass produced porcelain, as the damaged items are discarded during prooduction. However they are seen in earlier items and artisan-produced objects.
Firing Glass
A firing glass is a short stemmed sturdy glass with a thick foot. They were commonly used by members of the Freemason fraternity in the 18th and early 19th century by rapping them on the table after speeches, rituals, toasts and other activities. One theory as to why they were so named is that when rapped on the table they sounded like muskets firing.
The Masonic firing glass was often elaborately decorated with Masonic symbols, such as the all-seeing eye, the square and compasses, and the letter "G", which represents God. These symbols were meant to reflect the Masonic belief in a higher power and to emphasize the importance of the activities being timed.
Fish Servers and Slices
The fish slice dates from about the 1750s, and was popular until the late Victorian period. made of silver or silver plate, they were designed for serving fish at the table, and usually had a wide scimitar shaped blade, often pierced and engraved with a flat or decorative cast handle.
Some fish slices had a marine decoration to the blade or handle representing fish, eels or shrimps.
During the Victorian period, they were popular as a gift presented in a boxed set with the addition of a wide bladed matching fork, and were then called fish servers.
Fitz and Floyd
Fitz and Floyd is a US-based company that designs and manufactures hand-painted ceramic giftware, dinnerware, tableware, decorative accessories, and collectibles. The company was founded in Dallas, Texas in 1960 by Pat Fitzpatrick and Bob Floyd.
Fitz and Floyd started out as an import company, but soon began designing and selling their own ceramic products. The company's first major success was their line of hand-painted animal figurines, which were popular in the 1970s. In the 1980s, Fitz and Floyd began to produce dinnerware, and their first line, called "Renaissance," was a huge success.
Fitz and Floyd is known for its intricate and imaginative designs, which range from whimsical to elegant. The company has created a wide variety of patterns over the years, including "Coquille," "Palm Court," and "Medaillon d'Or." Many of their patterns are still popular today and are considered collectible.
In addition to dinnerware, Fitz and Floyd also produces a wide variety of other products, including teapots, cookie jars, figurines, and other decorative items. The company's products are sold in department stores and specialty retailers around the world and has won numerous awards, including the Good Design Award from the Chicago Athenaeum and the Design Excellence Award from the International Housewares Association.
The company is still owned and operated by the Fitzpatrick and Floyd families. It is headquartered in Dallas, Texas, and has a manufacturing facility in China.
Fitzhugh Pattern
The Fitzhugh pattern on Chinese porcelain refers to a type of decorative design that was inspired by the work of Robert Scott Fitzhugh, an American artist and inventor. However, the Fitzhugh pattern as applied to Chinese export porcelain between c1780 and 1840 often features a distinctively Chinese style, incorporating traditional Chinese elements such as landscapes, figures, and symbols, into the overall design in colours of underglaze blue, bright green, brown and orange. This blend of Western and Chinese decorative elements was a popular style during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when there was a growing interest in all things Chinese, including porcelain.
Fitzroy Barometer
The Admiral Fitzroy barometer is named after Robert Fitzroy, an English Royal Navy officer and meteorologist. Fitzroy is best known for his role as the captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin's famous voyage of exploration in the 1830s.
Fitzroy was a pioneer in the field of meteorology and was deeply concerned about the safety of ships at sea. He realised that there was a need for a reliable and easy-to-use instrument that would allow sailors to predict changes in weather conditions. In response to this need, he designed a barometer that could be used on ships to forecast the weather.
The Admiral Fitzroy barometer is a type of aneroid barometer, which uses a flexible metal chamber called an aneroid cell to measure changes in atmospheric pressure. When air pressure decreases, the aneroid cell expands, and when air pressure increases, the cell contracts. The movement of the cell is transferred to a needle that indicates the pressure on a dial.
Fitzroy's barometer was highly regarded by sailors and meteorologists, and it became the standard instrument for weather forecasting on ships for many years. It was also used by many land-based meteorological observatories, and its design was widely copied by other manufacturers.
Today, the Admiral Fitzroy barometer is no longer in widespread use, but it remains an important part of meteorological history and a symbol of Fitzroy's pioneering work in the field of weather forecasting.
Fives-Lille Ceramic Factory
The Fives-Lille ceramic factory was founded in 1823 in the town of Fives, near Lille in northern France. The factory began as a small earthenware pottery, producing basic household items such as plates, bowls, and jugs.
In the mid-19th century, Fives-Lille began producing high-quality majolica, a type of pottery that is glazed and decorated with brightly colored designs. Majolica was very popular at the time and Fives-Lille quickly gained a reputation for producing some of the finest pieces in Europe.
The factory's output included a wide variety of majolica items, including plates, jugs, vases, figurines, and architectural elements such as tiles and friezes. The designs ranged from the naturalistic to the abstract, often featuring intricate patterns, floral motifs, and mythical creatures.
Fives-Lille continued to produce majolica throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, even as the popularity of the style began to wane. However, the factory's fortunes began to decline in the early 20th century as cheaper, mass-produced ceramics from other countries flooded the market.
Fives-Lille continued to produce ceramics until the 1960s when the factory closed its doors for good. Today, Fives-Lille pieces are highly collectible, prized for their beauty, craftsmanship, and historical significance. The factory's legacy lives on in museums, private collections, and the ongoing study of the history of ceramics.
Fixed Eyes
On a doll, fixed eyes are eyes made from glass or similar material (but not painted) that do not move.
Flacon
A small decorative bottle, especially as used for perfume, with a stopper or seal to prevent the contents from evaporating.
Flagon
A flagon is a tall narrow cylindrical vessel, often with a handle, in metal, glass or ceramics for storage and carriage of liquids. It is also used to describe an elongated metal tankard with either a flat or domed lid and a thumbpiece for raising it, used for drinking beer.
Flambe / Sung Ware
Flambe glazes, termed "sang-de-boeuf" (ox blood) were in use by the Chinese from the 11th century, and the effect was achieved by using copper oxide as a colouring agent and firing the object in a reducing atmosphere.
The Chinese continued using these glazes; in the 18th century the red glaze was often slightly streaked, or included blue bleeds and these wares were prized by collectors in the 19th century.
European potters were not able to master the technique until the early 20th century. The Royal Doulton company employed the potter Bernard Moore, who had been experimenting with flambe glazes for many years, as a consultant.
In 1904 the company was able to produce its first flambe wares, and they were exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair in that year. As well as vases and bowls, around 1908 Doulton commenced producing animal figures with a flambe glaze and production of flambe wares continued during the 20th century. Over 2,000 different animal figures were produced over the years.
In 1920 Doulton under designer and artist Charles Noke, introduced "Sung" wares, which used a flambe glaze together with painted and gilt decoration. Various sized vases and bowls were painted with fish, birds or pixies over a background streaked with blue , yellow and green. Most of these pieces are signed by the artists of the time such as Harry Nixon and Arthur Eaton.
Flambeau
Flambeau translates from the French as "torch", being a flame torch, and is usually applied to a flame shaped finial or a light shade in the form of a flame. Sometimes a candelabra will have a detachable flambeau shaped finial that fits into the central candle nozzle.
Flashed Glass
Flashed glass is the application of a thin layer of glass onto a glass object, by dipping it into molten glass.
The flashing, if it is of a contrasting colour, can then be ground away to produce a pattern, similar to the technique for cameo glass.
Most 19th century flashed glass was produced in Bohemia and England.
Flatback
As the name indicates, flatback Staffordshire figures are characterized by their undecorated flat backs and are typically designed to be displayed to sit on a narrow mantlepiece. They often made in pairs and depict popular scenes or characters from literature, mythology, or history, and they were prized for their intricate details and bright colours.
These figures were popular in England during the 19th century, and they were widely produced and sold by a number of different Staffordshire based manufacturers.
In the late 1880's to the early 1900s Royal Worcester also manufactured a series of floral decorated jugs which are termed 'flat backs'.
Flatware
An alternative name for items of cutlery, principally knives, forks and spoons, now generally used to describe sets of these implements. Nowadays it is mostly used when describing cutlery made of silver and silver plate.
It is less frequently used to describe all "flat' items of tableware, so that as well as cutlery the definition includes plates.
Flavelle Bros.
Flavelle Bros. was a well-known jewellery and silversmithing business in Sydney, Australia. It was founded in 1846 by John Flavelle and Samuel Brush. The business was originally located at 87 King Street, Sydney. In 1850, Brush left the business and was replaced by Flavelle's brother, Henry. The business was then renamed Flavelle Bros. In 1858, Flavelle Bros. opened a branch in Brisbane. The business continued to grow and prosper, and by the turn of the 20th century, it was one of the leading jewellery and silversmithing businesses in Australia.
Flavelle Bros. was known for its high-quality craftsmanship and its wide range of products and received a Royal Warrant. In 1901, they were granted the honor of being jewellers and silversmiths to Her Majesty Queen Victoria. The business produced a wide variety of jewellery, including rings, necklaces, earrings, and watches. It also produced a range of silver items, including silverware, tableware, and decorative objects. They also produced medals commemorating the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and were awarded a Royal Warrant by King George V in 1914.
Flavelle Bros. continued to operate successfully for many years. The business closed its doors in 1949.
Fler
Fler, a furniture company, was founded in Melbourne in 1946 by two European Jewish migrants, Fred Lowen and Ernest Rodeck, who had fled Nazi Europe. The pair started by making propelling pencils and wooden tableware despite having little knowledge of timber. However, they soon began designing chairs with a modern style, using Australian timbers instead of the popular, uncomfortable English-style furniture of the time. Australian modernist architects favoured the work of designers like Lowen because their clean modern lines suited the new light, open, modern interiors. In 1958, Fler teamed up with Robin Boyd to go into house building, and their first Fler design home in Blackburn still stands today.
By the mid-1960s, Fler furniture factories were operating in every Australian state. Fler furniture was also featured at the Australian Pavilion at the Montreal Expo in 1967 alongside other Australian designers. After Fler was taken over by Australian Controls Limited in 1967, both Lowen and Rodeck left the company. Lowen then formed a new company called Twen, which became Tessa, with his brother Howard Lindsey and design technician Sigi Danielzik. The company continued to experiment with new and innovative textiles and methods of manufacture, with the T-4 chair (1970) becoming a middle-class status symbol.
Fleur-De-Lis
The fleur-de-lis is a stylized lily or iris flower with
three petals that has been used as a decorative motif for thousands of years. It
often appears in Christian iconography symbolising the Holy Trinity and as an
emblem that reflects the purity of the Virgin Mary. In decorative art and antiques
decoration, the fleur-de-lis is often used as a symbol of elegance, refinement,
and good taste.
The fleur-de-lis has a rich history and in ancient times, it
was associated with royalty, purity, and the divine, and it was used as a
symbol of the French monarchy for many centuries.
It is a common design element in ceramics, silverware, jewellery,
furniture, and other decorative objects, and it can be found in many different
styles and forms.
Flexform
Flexform is an Italian furniture company founded in 1959 by the Galimberti brothers, Agostino, Pietro, and Romeo. The company is based in Meda, in the Brianza region of Italy, which is known for its furniture manufacturing.
The Galimberti brothers started out by producing traditional period furniture, but they soon switched to a more modern style. Their first sofas and armchairs were designed in the streamlined, mid-century modern idiom, characterized by functionality, beauty, and a democratic desire to improve our daily lives.
Flexform quickly became a leading force in the Italian design scene, collaborating with some of the most renowned architects and designers of the day, including Vico Magistretti, Antonio Citterio, and Patricia Urquiola. The company's designs have been exhibited at major design fairs around the world, and they are included in the permanent collections of many museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Flexform's furniture is characterized by its timeless elegance, comfortable yet sophisticated lines, and use of high-quality materials and construction techniques. The company's commitment to quality is evident in every piece of furniture they produce, from the smallest detail to the overall design.
Flexform remains a family-owned business, based in Meda. The company continues to collaborate with leading designers, and its products are sold all over the world.
Flint Glass
Flint glass, another term for lead crystal, is a clear, colorless glass that is often used to make wine glasses, as it provides a clear view of the wine and enhances its color. Flint glass is also a popular choice for making vases and other decorative objects, as it is strong and durable, and its clarity makes it ideal for showcasing the beauty of the object inside.
Floral Swag / Garland / Festoon
Floral swags are a decorative motif often used in the ornamentation of various objects, such as silverware, glassware, and furniture. The term "swag" refers to a garland or wreath of flowers, foliage, or other decorative elements, which is usually arranged in a loop or curve.
Floral swags can be found in a variety of decorative styles, from ornate Baroque and Rococo designs to more naturalistic Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. They are often used to add a touch of elegance, refinement, or whimsy to an object, and can be seen on a range of items from chandeliers and candlesticks to picture frames and tea sets.
In the decoration of silver objects, floral swags are often used to accentuate the curves and lines of the piece, and to add visual interest to the surface. Similarly, on glass objects, floral swags may be used to frame or highlight a particular area of the object, or to add a touch of color and delicacy.
On furniture, floral swags can be found on a variety of pieces, from cabinets and armoires to chairs and sofas. They are often used to enhance the lines and curves of the furniture, and can be used to create a sense of movement and flow in the design.
Overall, floral swags are a versatile decorative element that can be adapted to a range of styles and applications, and have been used in the decoration of various objects throughout history.
Florenz Pottery
Florenz pottery is interesting because, despite its recent history (it is mostly post Second World War), it has a complex past and is intertwined with another well-known art ware company, Casey.
There were actually three Florenz periods, with the name and flowing trademark being passed from one owner to the next. The founder and first owner was Florence Williams. Between 1934 and 1948 she made the highly collectable gumnut pieces, frequently of intricate design, highly glazed and fairly brittle. These are now highly collectable
In 1954 Florence Williams sold the company to HAP Insulators, whose owners were Harves, Archer and Pitcher. The factory produced a wide range of domestic pots, both slipware and wheel-thrown. The factory was located in Brookvale, New South Wales, and stayed there for the rest of its life. Pots decorated with Aboriginal designs are starting to be collectable. During this period the company was bought by Electrical Control and Engineering (ECE), then by Federated Engineering which went into liquidation. Florenz was then bought (again) by Joe Harves.
Now we must turn to another New South Wales company: Casey. This was founded by two partners whose surnames were Kirkwood and Cooper. Their initials 'KC' were first used, but then they were spelled out to form 'Casey'. Casey Ware was made by KC Industries of Croydon, whose associated business is Standard Resistor Company, Pty. limited.
Ronald Cooper bought out his partner and proceeded to make a very large range of slipware, the most common glaze being a distinctive purple with yellow and green streaks. Some wheel-thrown pots were also produced, but these are extremely rare.
After Ronald Cooper's death in 1969, his son John took over the factory which, by then, had stopped producing domestic pottery. Joe Harves offered to help him and this friendship eventually led to KC Industries taking over Florenz, with Joe Harves working for KC Industries.
Florenz produced household stoneware (see Figure 3.491. Twenty people were employed but, unfortunately, a profit was not made and so Florenz ceased production. KC Industries continued to make specialist industrial ceramics and Florenz became a 'shelf' company.
From: Carter's "Collecting Australiana", William & Dorothy Hall, published by John Furphy Pty. Ltd. 2005
Flos
Flos is an Italian lighting company founded in 1962 in Merano, Italy, by Dino Gavina and Cesare Cassina. The company is headquartered in Milan, Italy.
In its early years, Flos focused on producing high-quality lighting fixtures using traditional materials and craftsmanship. However, the company quickly embraced modern design philosophies and started collaborating with prominent designers to create contemporary lighting solutions that pushed the boundaries of form and function, and the company became known for its innovative and contemporary lighting designs.
Flos has collaborated with some of the world's leading designers, including Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, Philippe Starck, Jasper Morrison, and Patricia Urquiola. Flos lighting is used in a wide range of settings, from homes and offices to museums and hotels. The company's products are known for their quality, design, and innovation.
Some of Flos' most iconic lighting designs include the Arco lamp, the Parentesi lamp, and the Aton lamp. The Arco lamp is a floor lamp that was designed by Achille Castiglioni in 1962. The lamp is made of stainless steel and brass and features a curved arm that can be adjusted to direct the light. The Parentesi lamp is a pendant lamp that was designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni in 1967. The lamp is made of stainless steel and glass and features a unique articulating arm that allows the light to be directed in any direction. The Aton lamp is a table lamp that was designed by Antonio Citterio in 2005. The lamp is made of aluminum and glass and features a simple, elegant design.
Flow Blue
Ceramics decorated in deep cobalt blue and white where the colour change is blurred, giving the effect of blue watercolour applied on top of wet white watercolour. Manufacture using this technique commenced in the Saffordshire area of Britain about 1820 and continued for a 100 years, by potteries such as Wedgwood, Johnson Brothers, Minton, Royal Doulton, and Swansea.
Flower Brick
A flower brick is a ceramic vessel for display of flowers. Of 18th
century origin, they were mostly rectangular in shape and the top was pierced
with holes for the stems of flowers. There was an opening in the top to allow
the brick to be filled with water.
Fluting
A form of decoration found on many pieces of furniture, as well as ceramics, silver and clocks, in which round-bottomed grooves, of varying width and depth, are let into columns, pilasters, legs. As a general rule, flutes are cut in the vertical, though they may follow a turned leg in a spiral pattern. In cross-section, they may be described as a series of 'U' shapes, rising and narrowing at each end of the groove. Fluting is the opposite of reeding, with which fluting is often associated.
Fog & Morup
Fog & Mørup is a Danish lighting company founded in 1904 by Ansgar Fog and Erik Mørup. The company started out as a metalwork wholesaler, but in 1915 they opened their first lighting factory. In the early 1960s, Fog & Mørup hired Johannes (Jo) Hammerborg as head of design. Hammerborg was a major force in the Danish Modern movement, and his designs for Fog & Mørup helped to establish the company as a leading manufacturer of modern lighting.
Some of the most famous Fog & Mørup designs by Hammerborg include the Semi Pendant Lamp, the Zone Pendant Lamp, and the Chandelier 620. These lamps are characterized by their simple, geometric forms and their use of high-quality materials. They are still highly sought-after by collectors and interior designers today.
In addition to Hammerborg, other notable designers who worked for Fog & Mørup include Claus Bonderup, Torsten Thorup, Sidse Werner, Sophus Frandsen, Jørgen Bo, and E. Balslev. These designers created a wide range of lighting fixtures for the company, from table lamps and floor lamps to wall sconces and chandeliers.
Fog & Mørup continued to produce high-quality lighting fixtures until the late 1990s. The company was then acquired by Nordlux, another Danish lighting manufacturer. However, the Fog & Mørup brand name is still used today, and the company continues to produce a limited number of classic designs.
Folded Foot
A drinking glass with a rounded edge to the foot, where the foot is effectively double-layered by turning it, usually under but sometimes over and then flattened , against the disk of the foot, to provide extra stability and reduce the risk of chipping or breakage.
The technique originated in Venice during the Renaissance and was adopted by English glassmakers who continued to fold the feet of drinking glasses and bowls until c1750.
Foldover
A term used when describing card, tea or games tables, where the top folds over onto itself when not in use. The interior surfaces that are exposed when the top is open may be polished (in the case of tea tables) or baized (for card or games tables).
Foley Pottery
Foley Pottery was a ceramics company that operated in Staffordshire, England, from 1897 to 2006. The company was founded by James and John Harvey in Fenton, Staffordshire, and initially produced earthenware goods such as dinnerware, teapots, and jugs.
In the early years of the company, the Harvey brothers focused on producing high-quality pottery at an affordable price, and their business quickly grew. In the late 1800s, Foley Pottery became known for its high-quality bone china, which was highly valued by collectors and enthusiasts.
During the early 1900s, Foley Pottery continued to produce a wide range of ceramics, including figurines, vases, and decorative items. The company also produced special commemorative pieces for events such as the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937.
After World War II, Foley Pottery faced increased competition from foreign imports and struggled to remain profitable. In 1963, the company was acquired by the Wedgwood Group, and its operations were gradually phased out. Today, Foley Pottery is highly valued by collectors for its high-quality bone china and fine craftsmanship.
Folio and Plan Stands
A wooden stand with open slatted adjustable leaf supports that form a "V" when open, designed for storing unmounted prints, drawings, watercolours maps etc. They were usually made in mahogany and in use in England from the Georgian to the Victorian periods.
Fontana Arte
Fontana Arte is an Italian design company founded in Milan in 1933 by Luigi Fontana, Gio Ponti, and Pietro Chiesa. The company's first products were glass objects, including lighting fixtures, vases, and sculptures. In the 1950s, Fontana Arte began to produce furniture, including chairs, tables, and sofas.
In the 1970s, Fontana Arte was led by the architect Gae Aulenti. Aulenti was a major figure in the Italian design scene, and she helped to shape the company's aesthetic during this period. Her designs were characterized by their bold shapes, bright colors, and use of new materials.
Some of the most iconic Fontana Arte furniture and lighting from the 1970s include:
• The Parola chandelier, designed by Aulenti in 1972. This chandelier is made of white opaline glass and features a series of overlapping discs that create a striking visual effect.
• The Giova table lamp, designed by Aulenti in 1973. This lamp is made of white opaline glass and features a cylindrical base and a truncated cone shade.
• The Tavolo con Ruote coffee table, designed by Aulenti in 1974. This table is made of glass and steel and features a round top and a wheeled base.
Fontana Arte furniture and lighting from the 1970s is still highly sought-after by collectors.
Foo Dogs
Foo Dogs, also known as "Fo Dogs", "Fu Dogs", and " Buddhist lions" are the Chinese guardian lions that have traditionally stood in front of Chinese Imperial palaces and tombs, government offices, and the homes of the influential are believed to have powerful mythic protective benefits.
They are a popular motif in decorative arts, especially ceramics and garden statuary, where they are depicted in pairs, comprising of a male resting his paw upon an embroidered ball, representing supremacy over the world, and a female restraining a playful cub, representing the nurturing properties of the female.
Food Cupboard
Also known as a meat or food safe, and regarded as a uniquely Australian contribution to the world's heritage of furniture design. The cabinet, usually with panelled doors and , and zinc or tin sides, pierced or punched into decorative designs and patterns, is raised on legs, generally turned but sometimes square. One style, usually of cedar, is about the proportions of chiffonier, and has a shaped chiffonier back, usually decorated with applied machine-made carving, with the cupboards below. The other type is in the form of a narrow two door cabinet, made from cedar or kauri pine.
Foot Stool
A small, low stool, usually upholstered, either for resting one's feet when sitting or sometimes used as individual seats. Legs on footstools followed the general stylistic changes, although some early 19th century stools were made with X-shaped legs. Many Victorian footstools are circular, covered with Berlin woolwork and other forms of embroidery. Some footstools were made en-suite, replicating the design to the matching chair.
Fornasetti, Piero
Piero Fornasetti (1913-88) was a Milanese designer, painter, sculptor and interior decorator.
The range of products incorporating his whimsical and often black and white designs include scarves, drink coasters, lamps, umbrella stands, trays, cabinets, chairs, tables, desks, screens and plates and vases.
It has been estimated that by the 1960's there were over 11,000 different items incorporating his designs.
He showed artistic ability as a child, and studied at the Brera Academy of Fine Arts, and later at the Castello Sforzesco school, both in Milan.
After a period of travel to Africa he returned to Milan in 1933, and his designs on silk scarves were seen by noted Italian architect Gio Ponti, who later became his collaborator on various projects including the interior decoration of the Casa Lucano in Milan in 1951, and the ocean liner, Andrea Doria in 1952.
Since his death in 1988, the business in Milan has been continued by his son Barnaba who has revived production of the most popular designs, and produced new designs under the Fornasetti name.
Fortunato Pio Castellani
Fortunato Pio Castellani (1794-1865) was an Italian jeweller and goldsmith who was known for his revivalist style of jewellery design. He was born in Rome and began his career as an apprentice to his father, a goldsmith.
In 1814 Castellani and his brother Alessandro opened a shop in Rome, where they began to produce jewellery and other decorative objects in the ancient Etruscan and Egyptian styles. Castellani's work was heavily influenced by the archaeological discoveries of the day, particularly the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. He was known for his skill in creating intricate designs and for his use of ancient techniques, such as granulation and filigree, in his work.
Castellani's jewellery and decorative objects were highly sought after by collectors and were exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. His work had a significant influence on the development of the Arts and Crafts movement in the late 19th century. His legacy continues to be celebrated in the field of archaeologically inspired jewellery and his pieces are highly valuable and sought after by collectors and museums.
Four-Poster Bed
Until late Victorian times, the four-poster or canopy bed was regarded as an essential possession for any family of substance and was frequently the most expensive piece of household furniture. Elizabethan and Jacobean beds have heavily carved and turned foot posts, often with melon or cup-and-cover turnings, with the canopy or tester constructed of wood. During the Georgian and Regency periods, the timber posts became much more slender and finely turned, although the draperies were often quite lavish and fantastic. Turnings on Victorian beds, in line with overall trends, were much heavier and more baluster shaped. In general, the foot posts were more ornate than the head posts, and the curtain rails may be square, arched or sometimes domed.The heads of many of the beds were of unpolished timber, intended to be covered by curtaining. Therefore any four poster beds with a polished headboard should be carefully examined.
Many Australian four-poster beds of the period survive, both in cedar and rosewood, often featuring rope twist turnings on the foot posts. The headboards were often serpentine shaped or scalloped, and the typical colonial bed features a 'rolling pin' turning on the raised central section of the headboard.
Unlike the 'standard', 'queen' and 'king' sizes of modern beds, there was no standard width for antique beds, as mattresses were individually made. The length and/or width of many antique beds has been changed to accommodate modern mattress sizes.
During the second half of the 19th century, the timber four-poster beds tended to be displaced by the brass and iron beds which were very much cheaper and rather more of a novelty. In the present century, however, fears that the bed curtains harboured disease, as well no doubt the change in fashion, led to many people cutting down the high posts of the traditional bedsteads.
Fowler's Pottery
Fowler's Pottery was established in 1837 and is the oldest pottery in Australia still in operation.
The founder, Enoch Fowler arrived in Sydney from Ireland in 1837 and used local raw materials in the business he established in Glebe to manufacture domestic pottery and later building materials such as pipes, tiles and chimney pots.
Expansion saw the business move to Parramatta in the 1850s. During the 19th and early 20th century the business flourished and the company opened a second factory at Thomastown, a suburb of Melbourne, in 1927.
The company is still in operation, now owned by Caroma Industries Ltd., and manufacture is limited to sanitary fixtures.
Foxing
Foxing is a type of discoloration or staining that occurs on the edges or pages of old books, manuscripts, and other paper-based materials. The term "foxing" comes from the reddish-brown color of the stains, which is similar to the color of fox fur.
Foxing is caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to moisture, high humidity, and oxidation. Over time, these environmental factors can cause the paper to yellow and develop the distinctive brownish stains. The discoloration can also be caused by pollutants in the air, such as smoke and chemicals, or by the presence of certain types of mould or mildew.
Foxing can have a significant impact on the value and appearance of old books and manuscripts, and is often considered a defect. However, some people consider foxing to be a sign of the history and aging of the paper, and view it as a desirable characteristic.
Franco Albini
Franco Albini was an Italian Neo-Rationalist architect and designer who is best known for his elegant and functional furniture designs. He was born in Robbiate, a small town near Milan in 1905, and studied architecture at the Politecnico di Milano, graduating in 1929. After graduating, Albini worked for the renowned Italian architect Gio Ponti for three years. In 1933, he opened his own studio in Milan.
Albini began designing furniture in the early 1930s. His early work was influenced by the Rationalist movement, which emphasized simplicity, functionality, and the use of modern materials. In 1933, Albini designed his iconic Albini Desk, which is still produced today. The desk is made of steel, glass, and wood, and features a minimalist design that is both elegant and functional.
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Albini continued to design furniture for a variety of Italian companies, including Cassina, Arflex, and Arteluce. Some of his most famous designs from this period include the Cicognino chair (1949), the Margherita table (1950), and the Pipistrello lamp (1956).
In addition to his work as a furniture designer, Albini was also a successful architect. He designed a variety of buildings in Italy, including the Rinascente department store in Milan (1951-1957) and the Palazzo Bianco gallery in Genoa (1951-1953). Albini also taught architecture and design at the Politecnico di Milano and the Venice School of Architecture.
Albini died in Milan in 1977 at the age of 72. He is considered one of the most important Italian designers of the mid-century modern period.
Francois Linke
Francois Linke was a renowned French cabinetmaker, born in the town of Pankraz, Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic) in 1855. He trained as a cabinetmaker in Bohemia before moving to Paris in 1875 at the age of 20.
After arriving in Paris, Linke began working for several prestigious cabinet makers, including Charles-Guillaume Winckelsen, a maker of Louis XV and Louis XVI-style furniture. Linke quickly gained a reputation as a skilled craftsman and innovative designer, and in 1881, he established his own workshop in the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, one of the main streets for furniture making in Paris.
Linke's workshop quickly gained recognition for the quality of its workmanship and its innovative designs, which combined traditional French styles with contemporary artistic influences, such as the Art Nouveau and Art Deco movements. Linke's furniture was characterized by its intricate marquetry, gilt bronze mounts, and luxurious materials, such as exotic woods, ivory, and mother-of-pearl.
Linke exhibited his work at several international exhibitions, including the Paris Exhibition of 1900, where he won a gold medal for his work. Linke's furniture was also popular with wealthy clients, including European royalty and prominent industrialists, such as the Rothschild family.
Linke continued to operate his workshop until his death in 1946, at the age of 91. His work is displayed in leading museums around the world, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.
Francois-Emile Decorchemont
François Decorchemont was a French glass maker who was known for his work in pâte de verre, which is a technique of glassmaking that involves mixing powdered glass with a binder, such as a clay or resin, and then casting the mixture into a mold. The glass is then heated to a high temperature, causing it to fuse together and take on the shape of the mold. Pâte de verre is a very labor-intensive and time-consuming technique, and Decorchemont is known for creating some of the finest examples of pâte de verre glassware. His glassware is characterized by its rich colors, intricate designs, and high quality craftsmanship.
Frank Grady
Frank Grady, a jeweller from Birmingham, established his business as a jeweller and fancy goods importer in Wellington in 1880. His shop offered a distinguished collection of high-class jewellery alongside an array of imported novelties. Within a span of seventeen years, by 1897, Grady's reputation had soared, earning him the privilege of supplying goods "By Appointment to His Excellency the Governor" and catering to esteemed Wellington families. The early 1900s saw his two sons joining the business, and together they embarked on a diverse range of commissioned projects.
In 1908, Frank Grady Senior showcased a curated selection of his creations during "Industries Week." The Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand holds several notable pieces by Grady, including a magnificent center piece fashioned in the shape of a mamaku, the towering tree fern.
Frank Hornby
Frank Hornby (1863-1936) was a British inventor, entrepreneur, and toy maker, best known for creating the Meccano construction sets and the Hornby model trains.
Hornby was born in Liverpool, England, and worked as a bookkeeper before becoming interested in creating toys. In 1901, he introduced the "Mechanics Made Easy" construction set, which consisted of a series of metal strips, rods, and gears that could be used to build a wide range of models. This set was later renamed "Meccano," a name that Hornby trademarked in 1907.
The Meccano sets were an immediate success, and soon became one of the most popular toys in England and around the world. Hornby continued to innovate and expand the Meccano line, introducing new sets and accessories, including motors, engines, and remote controls. Meccano sets were used to build everything from miniature cars and planes to bridges and towers and were popular with both children and adults.
In 1920, Hornby expanded his toy-making business to include model trains, which he called Hornby Dublo. The trains were made to a larger scale than previous model trains and were sold with a range of accessories, including tracks, buildings, and scenery. The Hornby trains were an immediate hit and are still popular with collectors and model train enthusiasts today.
In addition to his success as a toy maker, Hornby was also an accomplished engineer and inventor. He held numerous patents for toys and other inventions, including a device for controlling the temperature of electric ovens and a machine for manufacturing perforated paper.
The Meccano and Hornby brands are still producing toys and models for enthusiasts around the world.
Frank Hurley
Frank Hurley (1885-1962) was an Australian photographer and adventurer who became renowned for his photographs of exploration and war. Born in Sydney, Australia, Hurley was the son of a successful portrait photographer and grew up around cameras and darkrooms.
At the age of 22, Hurley joined an expedition to Papua New Guinea as the official photographer. He documented the people, landscape, and wildlife of the region, producing some of his most iconic images. This experience sparked a lifelong passion for exploration and photography.
Hurley later joined the legendary Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his 1914-1917 expedition aboard the Endurance. When the ship became trapped in ice, Hurley documented the struggle for survival of the crew in the harsh Antarctic environment, producing some of his most famous photographs. After the expedition, he published a book of his photographs, titled "South with Endurance".
During World War I, Hurley served as an official photographer for the Australian Imperial Force. He captured images of battles, soldiers, and life on the front lines, often risking his own life to do so. His photographs were used to document the war effort and promote support for the war.
After the war, Hurley continued to travel and take photographs, producing images of remote regions of Australia, New Guinea, and the Middle East. He also worked as a cinematographer, producing documentary films of his expeditions and travels.
In the later years of his life, Hurley worked as a commercial photographer and published several books of his photographs, including "The Pearls and Savages" and "The Home of the Blizzard". He died in Sydney in 1962, leaving behind a legacy as one of Australia's most accomplished and influential photographers.
Frank Hyams Ltd.
Frank Hyams purchased a jewellery business in Princess Street Dunedin in 1885. As well as a manufacturing jeweller, he was a silversmith and goldsmith and specialised in jewellery incorporating New Zealand greenstone. At the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition in 1890 he secured "first order of merit" for the manufacture of gold, gem and greenstone jewellery.
Concurrent with his Dunedin store, in 1902 Frank Hyams registered a limited company, Frank Hyams Ltd., and established a business in London, at 167 New Bond Street, and later at 128 New Bond Street, London, trading as 'artistic jewellers, gold and silversmiths, and dealers in gems of rarity'.
Frank Hyams established a reputation within the English aristocratic and upper class social circles for his unique one-off curiosity pieces incorporating materials and design influences from his New Zealand homeland.
The British Museum has a collection of 36 badges manufactured by Frank Hyams Ltd., circa 1906.
According to the London Gazette, in 1913 at an Extraordinary General Meeting it was voted that the company be voluntarily wound up and Frank Hyams was appointed liquidator.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of modern architecture. Wright was born in Wisconsin and began his career as an apprentice in the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee. He later worked for the renowned architect Louis Sullivan and eventually started his own practice in 1893.
Wright's designs were characterized by his emphasis on organic architecture, which sought to harmonize buildings with their natural surroundings. He was known for his use of materials such as brick, stone, and wood, and his integration of light and space in his designs. Wright's most famous works include Fallingwater, Taliesin West, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
In addition to his architectural work, Wright was also known for his furniture designs. He believed that furniture should be an extension of the architecture of a building and should be designed to be in harmony with the building's overall design. He designed a number of chairs, tables, and other pieces of furniture for his buildings, many of which are still in production today.
One of Wright's most famous furniture designs is the "Barcelona" chair, which he designed for the German Pavilion at the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain. The chair features a chrome-plated frame and leather upholstery, and has become an iconic piece of modern furniture design.
Another notable Wright design is the "Taliesin" chair, which was designed for use in his own home and studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin. The chair features a cantilevered design and is made from bent plywood and metal tubing.
Wright's furniture designs were often characterized by their simplicity and functionality, and many of his pieces are still highly sought after by collectors today.
Frankenthal Porcelain Factory
The Frankenthal Porcelain Factory was a German porcelain manufacturing company that was established in 1755 in Frankenthal, Germany. The factory was one of the first porcelain factories in Germany and was founded by the entrepreneur Claus Michael Schelle and the sculptor Johann Friedrich Eberlein.
The Frankenthal factory was known for producing high-quality porcelain pieces, including figurines, vases, and tableware. The factory's products were highly sought after and were known for their intricate designs and delicate craftsmanship. During its peak, the Frankenthal factory employed over 200 workers and produced thousands of pieces of porcelain each year.
The Frankenthal factory was affected by the turmoil of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including the Napoleonic Wars and the economic struggles of the time. Despite these challenges, the factory continued to produce porcelain until its closure in 1799.
Frankenthal porcelain is highly prized by collectors and is considered to be some of the finest porcelain produced in Germany during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Franklin Mint
The Franklin Mint is a well-known producer of collectables, including coins, medals, and figurines. It was founded in 1964 by Joseph Segel in Pennsylvania, USA, and was named after Benjamin Franklin, one of America's founding fathers.
Initially, the Franklin Mint produced coins and commemorative medals for government and private organizations. In 1970, the company began producing its first collectible series, which were a series of sterling silver ingots commemorating the 50 states of the United States. These ingots were highly popular, and the Franklin Mint quickly became known for its high-quality and detailed collectables.
Over the years, the Franklin Mint produced a wide range of collectables, including porcelain figurines, die-cast model cars, and commemorative plates. They also created a series of limited edition coins, including the famous "Franklin Mint Treasury of Presidential Commemorative Medals."
One of the key aspects of the Franklin Mint's success was its commitment to authenticity and attention to detail. The company worked with renowned artists and designers to ensure that every piece was meticulously crafted and reproduced in fine detail.
In addition to its collectables, the Franklin Mint also offered a range of personalized gifts and custom-designed items, including jewelry, wedding invitations, and commemorative plaques.
Despite its initial success, the Franklin Mint faced financial difficulties in the 1980s, and after s succession of new owners, the company was eventually sold to private investors in 2006. The Franklin Mint still produces a range of collectables, including limited edition coins and figurines.
Franz Xaver Bergmann
Franz Xaver Bergmann (or Franz Xaver Bergmann) (July 27, 1861 – January 1, 1936) was the owner of a Viennese foundry who produced numerous patinated and cold-painted bronzes, Oriental, erotic, and animal figures, the latter often humanized or whimsical, humorous objets d'art.
Bergmann was noted for his detailed and colorful work. He signed with either a letter 'B' in an urn-shaped cartouche or 'Nam Greb' – 'Bergman' in reverse. These marks were used to disguise his identity on erotic works.
His father, Franz Bergmann (September 26, 1838 – 1894), was a professional chaser from Gablonz who came to Vienna and founded a small bronze factory in 1860. Franz Xavier Bergmann inherited the company and opened a new foundry in 1900. Many of the bronzes from the 1900s were still based on designs from his father's workshop.
Bergmann is often incorrectly described as a sculptor, but he was not; he was a foundry owner. He worked with a team of sculptors, including Josef Lorenzl, who created the original models for many of the bronzes.
Bergmann's work was popular in the early 20th century and was exhibited at major international fairs, including the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900. His pieces are now in the collections of museums around the world, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
Fred Lowen
Fred Lowen (born Fritz Karl Heinz Lowenstein) was an Australian mid-century furniture designer known for his elegant and functional designs that became popular throughout Australia and beyond. He was born in Upper Silesia in 1919, in what was then a part of Germany. Escaping from the Nazis in 1938 he travelled first to England, and then to Australia, arriving in 1940.
In 1945 Lowen founded the furniture company Fler with his business partner, Ernest Rodeck who he had met at the Internment Camp on his arrival in Australia. Lowen took a basic course in Furniture Design and Construction at the Melbourne Technical College from 1949 to 1950 and the company gained a reputation for producing high-quality furniture with modern designs, and Lowen's pieces were particularly popular due to their sleek lines and use of natural materials such as timber and leather.
As a result, Fler was invited by architect Robin Boyd to partner with him in a house building project in 1958 in a house design in the Melbourne suburb of Blackburn. with the first Fler-designed home in Blackburn
Some of Lowen's most famous designs include the T5 coffee table, the Narvik armchair, and the Contour chair, which won the Good Design Award from the Industrial Design Council of Australia in 1961. He was also known for his innovative use of materials, such as laminated timber, which he used to create the organic shapes of his Contour chair.
In addition to his work as a designer, Lowen was a passionate advocate for the importance of good design in everyday life. He was a founding member of the Society of Designers for Industry and served as its president from 1959 to 1962. He also worked as a design consultant for the Australian government, helping to develop new standards for furniture design.
Lowen continued to work in the furniture industry well into his 80s, and his designs remain popular today among collectors and design enthusiasts. He passed away in 2005, leaving behind a legacy of elegant and functional furniture that helped to define the mid-century modern aesthetic in Australia and beyond.
Fred Money
Fred Money was a prominent New Zealand silversmith and jeweller known for his exceptional craftsmanship and innovative designs during the mid-20th century. He was born in 1911 and his work spanned the 1940s through the 1960s, and he is remembered for creating exquisite silver and jewellery pieces that reflect the artistic and design trends of his era.
Money was influenced by modernist design principles, which were popular during the mid-20th century. His pieces often featured clean lines, geometric shapes, and a minimalist aesthetic. He was known for experimenting with various techniques, including enamelling and stone-setting, to create unique and eye-catching jewellery designs. His work often incorporated colorful enamelwork, semi-precious stones, and sometimes incorporated New Zealand motifs.
He was dedicated to producing high-quality pieces, and his work is known for its exceptional craftsmanship. His attention to detail and precision in execution made his creations highly sought after. While many of his pieces were influenced by contemporary design trends, Money also added his own artistic flair, resulting in one-of-a-kind jewellery and silverware. Fred Money's pieces are often marked with his signature or initials, which can help authenticate his work.
Fred Money passed away in 1974
Fred of Paris
Fred of Paris was founded in 1936 by Fred Samuel, an Argentinian jeweller born in 1908 moved to Paris in his early twenties to pursue his passion for jewellery. He was inspired by the vibrant colours of South America.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Fred Samuel's sons, Jean and Claude, joined the business, bringing fresh perspectives and contributing to the brand's growth. Under their guidance, Fred of Paris expanded its offerings to include iconic collections such as "Force 10," which introduced the use of a sailing rope as a design element. The "Force 10" bracelet is made of woven steel cable and a gold clasp and was inspired by Fred Samuel's love of sailing and the sea. The "Force 10" collection became a signature of the brand, symbolizing strength, and is still one of Fred of Paris' most popular items today.
In the 1970s, Fred of Paris collaborated with artists and designers such as Jean Cocteau and Andy Warhol and the influential Italian architect and designer, Gae Aulenti, to create a series of innovative jewellery pieces that pushed the boundaries of design and craftsmanship. These collaborations helped to further establish the company's reputation for creativity and innovation.
In the 1980s, Fred of Paris expanded its international presence, opening stores in major cities around the world. The company also began to produce a wider range of jewellery, including watches, earrings, and necklaces.
In the 1990s, Fred of Paris was acquired by the LVMH Group, the world's largest luxury goods company. This acquisition helped to ensure the company's financial stability and allowed it to continue to expand its operations.
Fred of Paris continues to innovate, launching new collections and collaborations with celebrities such as Kate Moss and Rihanna. The company also began to focus on sustainable practices, using recycled materials and responsible mining practices in the production of its jewellery.
Fred Ward
Frederick Charles Ward was an Australian furniture maker and designer. He was born on 24 July 1917 in Sydney. He is best known for his mid-century modern furniture designs that were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.
Ward began his career as an apprentice carpenter in the 1930s and later studied furniture design at East Sydney Technical College. In 1945, he founded his own furniture workshop in Sydney, which he named 'F.C. Ward Furniture'.
Ward's designs were inspired by the clean lines and simplicity of Scandinavian furniture design. His furniture was characterized by its minimalist aesthetic, functionalism, and use of high-quality materials such as teak, walnut, and rosewood.
His designs were popular with the Australian middle class, and he gained a reputation as one of the country's leading furniture makers. His furniture was sold in high-end department stores such as David Jones and Myer, and he received commissions to design furniture for public spaces such as hotels and offices.
In the late 1960s, Ward retired from furniture making and sold his business.
Frederick Charles Ward passed away on 8 January 2001, and his furniture designs continue to be popular with collectors and enthusiasts of mid-century modern design. His designs have been exhibited in museums and galleries, including the National Gallery of Victoria and the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney.
Frederic Remington
Frederic Remington was an American artist, sculptor, and writer known for his iconic depictions of the American West. He was born on October 4, 1861, in Canton, New York and grew up in a family that encouraged his artistic pursuits, and he displayed a talent for drawing and painting from an early age.
In 1878, Remington enrolled at Yale University, intending to study art. However, he left Yale after a year and attended the Yale School of Fine Arts for a brief period. Despite his limited formal art education, Remington's artistic abilities continued to develop, and he began to focus on capturing the spirit and essence of the American West. After his initial attempts at painting, Remington turned his attention to sculpture, mastering the techniques of modelling and casting. His sculptures often depicted cowboys, Native Americans, soldiers, and scenes of frontier life. Remington's works were characterized by their dynamic poses, attention to detail, and ability to convey the ruggedness and excitement of the West.
Remington's career gained momentum when he started illustrating stories and articles for popular magazines such as Harper's Weekly. His illustrations, which portrayed the frontier life with vividness and authenticity, resonated with readers and helped establish his reputation as a premier artist of the West.
In addition to his artistic endeavors, Remington was an adventurous spirit and sought firsthand experiences of the American West. He frequently travelled to places like Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, where he observed and documented the lives of cowboys, soldiers, and Native Americans. These experiences provided him with valuable insights and inspiration for his artwork.
Remington's sculptures were highly sought after, and he received numerous commissions from individuals, institutions, and the U.S. government. One of his most famous sculptures is "The Bronco Buster," a dynamic depiction of a cowboy taming a wild horse. The sculpture became an iconic representation of the American West and contributed to Remington's enduring legacy. Remington was also an accomplished writer. He wrote and illustrated several books, including "Pony Tracks" and "Wicked Pony." His writings provided further insights into the American West and demonstrated his passion for storytelling.
Frederic Remington continued to work tirelessly until his untimely death on December 26, 1909, at the age of 48 from surgical complications.
Fredericia Furniture A/s
Fredericia Furniture A/S is a Danish furniture company founded in 1911 by Christian Jessen. The company is headquartered in Fredericia, Denmark, and it is known for its modern, minimalist furniture designs. Jessen was a furniture maker who was inspired by the work of the Danish Modern movement. He wanted to create furniture that was both functional and beautiful, and he was committed to using high-quality materials.
The company's first products were chairs, and it quickly became known for its innovative designs. In 1950, Jessen introduced the Søborg chair, which was one of the first stackable chairs ever made. The Søborg chair was a commercial success, and it helped to put Fredericia Furniture on the map. In the following decades, Fredericia Furniture continued to produce innovative and stylish furniture designs. The company worked with some of the leading Danish designers of the time, including Børge Mogensen, Hans J. Wegner, and Nanna Ditzel.
Fredericia Furniture is one of the most respected furniture brands in the world and the company's products are sold in over 50 countries.
Frederick Rhead
Frederick Rhead was an English pottery artist and designer who was active in the early 20th century. He is known for his work in the Art Deco style, and his designs for Bursley Ware, a line of pottery produced by the firm of J. & G. Meakin in Bursley, Staffordshire, England. The "Amstel" design was produced by Bursley Ware in the 1930s and is an example of Rhead's Art Deco style. It features a stylized tulip design in orange, blue, and green on a white background. It is considered a classic example of Art Deco pottery.
French Clichy Glass
The Clichy glassworks was a French glass factory that was active in the 19th century. It was founded in 1837 in the town of Clichy, a suburb of Paris, by a group of Belgian glassmakers. The factory quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality glassware and was known for its intricate and detailed designs.
During the mid-19th century, the Clichy glassworks was one of the most important glass factories in France, and its glassware was highly sought after by collectors and art connoisseurs. The factory's glassworkers were skilled in a variety of techniques, including engraving, acid-etching, and the use of multi-colored enamels.
Clichy glassware was particularly known for its use of bright and vibrant colors, as well as its use of a type of glass called "pate-de-verre," which is made by mixing glass powders with a binder and then molding the mixture into the desired shape. This technique allowed for the creation of highly detailed and delicate designs.
The Clichy glassworks closed in 1885 when it merged with the Cristallerie de Sevre.
French Comptoise / Comtoise Clocks
Comtoise or Comptoise clocks are a type of longcase clock that originated in the Franche-Comté region of France in the 17th century. They were named after the region, which is now a part of the modern-day Burgundy-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. These clocks are known for their distinctive design, featuring a wooden case with a large clock face and a pendulum that swings behind a glass door. They also typically have a separate dial to display the day of the week and the date.
Comtoise clocks were made by skilled craftsmen in small workshops and were highly prized for their accuracy and craftsmanship. They were particularly popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, and were exported to other countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
The production of Comtoise clocks declined in the late 19th century with the advent of mass-produced clocks and the industrialization of clock-making. However, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in these clocks, and they are now considered a valuable piece of French cultural heritage.
French Directoire Style
The Directoire style is a furniture design style that was popular in France during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the Directoire period (1795-1799) of the French Revolution. It is characterized by simplicity, elegance, and a neoclassical influence. The style is characterized by straight lines, geometric shapes, and minimal ornamentation, often with a whitewashed finish. It is inspired by ancient Greece and Rome. Furniture pieces in the Directoire style include tables, chairs, desks, and sofas, which feature clean, simple lines and a lack of ornamentation, typically in mahogany or other dark woods.
French Empire Style
The French Empire style was popular in France from the late 18th to early 19th centuries, during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1804 as consul and from 1804-1815 as emperor. The style is characterized by grand, imposing pieces that feature clean lines, geometric shapes, and a focus on symmetry.
The furniture is typically made from dark, rich woods such as mahogany, ebony, and rosewood, and is often decorated with gilded bronze mounts and ormolu, a type of brass casting. Furniture pieces in the French Empire style include sofas, armchairs, chaise longues, desks, and cabinets, all of which feature simple, rectilinear shapes and strong vertical and horizontal lines.
In addition to furniture, the French Empire style also encompasses a wide range of decorative arts, including lighting fixtures, clocks, and objets d'art. These items are often adorned with classical motifs, such as eagles, lions, and laurel leaves, which symbolize strength and power.
The French Empire style was highly influential and was exported to other countries, where it was adapted and modified to suit local tastes.
Fretwork
Pierced intricate decorative patterns, cut with a fine saw and generally found around the galleries of desk tops, open-hanging shelves and small tables.
In open fret, the timber is completely pierced, giving an appearance of great lightness and delicacy.
With blind fret, as seen in Chinoiserie styles of Chippendale, the fretwork is applied like a moulding to a solid panel.
Friction Motors in Toys
A friction motor, also known as a push and go is a type of motor that uses friction to create motion. It is commonly found in toys, particularly in vehicles such as cars and trains. The motor works by using a spring-loaded mechanism that is activated when the toy is pushed or pulled along a flat surface. The movement of the toy causes the friction between the wheels and the surface to turn the gears inside the motor, which then propels the toy forward.
Friction motors are known for their simplicity and low cost, making them a popular choice for children's toys. They are also easy to use, as they do not require any batteries or electrical power to operate.
However, there are some drawbacks to friction motors. They can wear out over time, especially if the toy is used frequently. They also have limited speed and power, and the motion can be affected by the surface on which the toy is used.
Friedrich Egermann
Friedrich Egermann was a Bohemian glassmaker born in 1777 in what is now the Czech Republic. He became a master glassmaker at a young age. Egermann is best known for his innovations in the production of coloured and cut glass, which he developed in the early 1800s. He is credited with the introduction of a new, more efficient cutting process that allowed for the production of highly decorative glassware, including vases, goblets, and other tableware.
Egermann's work was popular throughout Europe and he was awarded several patents for his innovations in glassmaking. He established a glassworks in the town of Kamenický Šenov, where he produced a wide range of high-quality glassware that was prized for its beauty and durability. Today, his glassworks still exists and is considered one of the oldest in the world.
Friedrich Egermann contributions to the field of glassmaking were instrumental in the development of a thriving glass industry in the Czech Republic, which continues to produce some of the finest glassware in the world.
Frieze
An architectural term denoting the flat, shaped or convex horizontal surface of furniture, between the architrave and the cornice, usually found on a cabinet or bookcase, or on desks and tables where it may include drawers, the area between the top and the legs. In ceramics, the term refers to the banding, of usually a repeating pattern, on the rims of plates and vases.
Fritz Hansen
Fritz Hansen is a Danish furniture production company that was founded by Fritz Hansen in 1872. Hansen was a skilled cabinet maker who established a furniture production company in his name in Copenhagen in 1885. Over the next fifty years, Fritz Hansen produced furniture for numerous prestigious institutions, including the Danish Parliament and Supreme Court at Christiansburg Palace, the University Library, and Copenhagen City Hall.
In the 1930s, Fritz Hansen's son, Christian, developed steam-bending techniques to create molded and laminate wood furniture, making Fritz Hansen a world leader in this area. The company also launched the first Danish steel furniture and the iconic Church chair by Kaare Klint. Despite the hardships of World War II, Fritz Hansen expanded its factory and introduced a new furniture series in walnut that was highly praised by the press.
In the 1950s, Arne Jacobsen dominated the scene at Fritz Hansen with the introduction of the Ant chair and the phenomenally successful Series 7 chair. In the 1970s, Fritz Hansen announced that it would no longer remain in the hands of the family and sold 75% of its shares to Skandinavisk Holding.
In the 1990s, the business expanded its focus on five areas: the dining room, conference room, resting/waiting areas, office spaces, and private homes. The company also inaugurated a ground-breaking new factory in Vassingerød and opened a showroom and museum displaying its long and rich legacy. In the 2010s, Fritz Hansen entered a collaboration with Spanish designer Jaime Hayon and acquired the Danish lighting company Lightyears.
Fritz Hansen is a global brand that produces furniture for both private and public spaces. The company's legacy is defined by high-quality craftsmanship and innovative designs that have been celebrated for over a century.
Frog Mug
A "frog mug" is ceramic or porcelain mug that has a three-dimensional frog figurine about two thirds of the way down the interior of the mug. It becomes visible to the holder as the they drink the beverage. Frog mugs are popular among collectors and people who enjoy nature-themed or animal-themed decor. They can also be used as fun and whimsical drinking vessels for children or as conversation starters when entertaining guests.
Frozen Charlotte / Charlie
Frozen Charlotte and Frozen Charlie are 19th century china or bisque dolls, popular in the United States, made in the form of a naked standing figure moulded in one piece, and thus the arms and legs are not movable.
The name is derived from a poem published in 1840 in new York about a young girl who was going to a ball in a sleigh and out of vanity and against her mother's advice refused to wear a coat and scarf over her ball gown, with the result that by the time she arrived at the ball, she had frozen to death.
The poem was later made into a popular American folk ballad.
Fruit Knife
These are folding knives first made about 1780 used for peeling and cutting fruit, especially on picnics. Most have a sterling silver blade, but sometimes the blades are gold or silver plate. Handles are most commonly mother of pearl, although fruit knives are also available with ivory, horn and tortoiseshell handles.
They also come boxed so they can be given as a gift, either singly, or in a set with a fork, when they are often called "paring sets".
Fruitwood
A catch-all term used to describe the wood of any of several fruit-bearing trees, such as the apple, cherry, or pear, used especially in cabinetmaking.
With a blond colour when finished, fruitwood was used in Europe, especially France, in the 18th and 19th centuries for larger items of furniture such as tables, chairs, cabinets and bookcases but in England its use was generally restricted to decorative elements such as inlays.
Fun Ho! Toys
Fun Ho! was a New Zealand toy manufacturer that produced cast aluminium toys from 1935 to 1982. The company was founded by George Underwood in Inglewood, Taranaki, and was originally called Underwood Engineering. Underwood started making toys as a way to use up scrap metal from his other businesses. The first toys were made in the early 1930s, and were initially given away as promotional items. However, the toys proved to be popular, and Underwood began to sell them commercially in 1935.
The company's name was changed to Fun Ho! in 1942. The name was chosen because it was thought to be catchy and appealing to children. Fun Ho! toys were known for their high quality and durability. They were made from solid aluminium, and were designed to withstand rough play. The toys were also brightly coloured, and were often decorated with intricate details.
Fun Ho! toys were popular with children all over New Zealand. They were also exported to Australia and other countries. The company's peak production period was in the 1960s and 1970s, when it was producing over 250 different models. However, the company began to face increasing competition from imported toys in the 1980s. Fun Ho! toy production ceased in 1982, and the company officially closed in 1987.
Sometime after the closing of the factory, The Fun Ho! Toys Museum opened in Inglewood. The museum acquired much of the original Underwood tooling and currently (sporadically) Richard Jordan makes about 100 different Fun Ho! models there in the function of museum support. The toy making part of the museum goes by the name of the Fun Ho! National Toy Museum Foundry.
Furla
Furla is an Italian luxury brand known for its handbags, purses, and dressing accessories. The company was founded in 1927 by Aldo Furlanetto in Bologna, Italy. Furla started as a small family-owned business specializing in leather goods and accessories.
In its early years, Furla primarily focused on producing high-quality leather bags and accessories for women. The brand gained recognition for its craftsmanship, attention to detail, and innovative designs. Furla's commitment to using fine materials and employing skilled artisans helped establish its reputation in the luxury fashion industry.
During the 1970s, Furla experienced significant growth and expanded its product range. The brand introduced new designs and collections, catering to a broader customer base. Furla's stylish and functional handbags gained popularity among women, both in Italy and internationally.
In the following decades, Furla continued to expand its presence worldwide. The brand opened flagship stores in major fashion capitals, such as Milan, Paris, New York, and Tokyo. Furla's commitment to quality and design excellence allowed it to compete with other renowned luxury brands.
In the 1990s, Furla diversified its product offerings beyond handbags and accessories. The company introduced footwear, small leather goods, and eyewear collections, further solidifying its position in the fashion industry. Furla's accessories became sought-after items, known for their elegance, functionality, and Italian craftsmanship.
Throughout its history, Furla has remained a family-run business. The Furlanetto family has played a pivotal role in the brand's growth and success. Today, Furla is led by the third generation of the family, Giovanna Furlanetto, who serves as the brand's President, and has boutiques and authorised retailers in over 100 countries.
Furstenberg Porcelain
Fürstenberg Porcelain is a German porcelain manufacturer with a long and rich history dating back to the 18th century. It was founded in 1747 by Wilhelmus Samuel Graf von Fürstenberg in the small town of Fürstenberg, Germany, and quickly became one of the most important porcelain producers in Europe.
The factory was known for producing high-quality porcelain tableware, figurines, and decorative objects that were prized for their beauty and craftsmanship. The porcelain was characterized by its delicate beauty and its intricate designs, which were often hand-painted by skilled artists.
In the 19th century, Fürstenberg Porcelain became particularly well-known for its Rococo style, which was characterized by intricate, ornate designs that often featured romantic themes and nature motifs. The factory also began producing more practical items, such as teapots and coffee sets, that were popular with the middle class.
During the 20th century, the factory faced several challenges, including the disruption caused by World War I and World War II, as well as competition from other porcelain manufacturers. However, it continued to produce high-quality porcelain, and in the 1960s and 1970s, it introduced new designs and patterns that were inspired by the Art Nouveau and Art Deco movements.
Fürstenberg Porcelain is still one of the leading producers of fine porcelain in Europe, and its products are highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts around the world. The factory continues to use traditional techniques and methods to produce high-quality porcelain, and it is renowned for its beautiful designs and exceptional craftsmanship.
Fusee
The fusee movement was used in clocks and pocket watches from the mid 17th century. The fusee is a cone shaped drum within the works that is linked to the barrel of the spring, usually by a length of chain.
As the mainspring loses its tension over time, the cone shaped barrel compensates for this by increasing the tension, by pulling the mainspring tighter, thus ensuring the time remains constant.
Use of the fusee in clocks was superseded by the "going barrel" in the mid 19th century and for pocket watches at the beginning of the 19th century.
The fusee continued to be used in marine chronometers until the 1970s.